American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)
0732-183X
1527-7755
Cơ quản chủ quản: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS , Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Ltd.
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Most patients with advanced pancreas cancer experience pain and must limit their daily activities because of tumor-related symptoms. To date, no treatment has had a significant impact on the disease. In early studies with gemcitabine, patients with pancreas cancer experienced an improvement in disease-related symptoms. Based on those findings, a definitive trial was performed to assess the effectiveness of gemcitabine in patients with newly diagnosed advanced pancreas cancer.
One hundred twenty-six patients with advanced symptomatic pancreas cancer completed a lead-in period to characterize and stabilize pain and were randomized to receive either gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2 weekly x 7 followed by 1 week of rest, then weekly x 3 every 4 weeks thereafter (63 patients), or to fluorouracil (5-FU) 600 mg/m2 once weekly (63 patients). The primary efficacy measure was clinical benefit response, which was a composite of measurements of pain (analgesic consumption and pain intensity), Karnofsky performance status, and weight. Clinical benefit required a sustained (> or = 4 weeks) improvement in at least one parameter without worsening in any others. Other measures of efficacy included response rate, time to progressive disease, and survival.
Clinical benefit response was experienced by 23.8% of gemcitabine-treated patients compared with 4.8% of 5-FU-treated patients (P = .0022). The median survival durations were 5.65 and 4.41 months for gemcitabine-treated and 5-FU-treated patients, respectively (P = .0025). The survival rate at 12 months was 18% for gemcitabine patients and 2% for 5-FU patients. Treatment was well tolerated.
This study demonstrates that gemcitabine is more effective than 5-FU in alleviation of some disease-related symptoms in patients with advanced, symptomatic pancreas cancer. Gemcitabine also confers a modest survival advantage over treatment with 5-FU.
To revise the staging system for cutaneous melanoma on the basis of data from an expanded American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Melanoma Staging Database.
The melanoma staging recommendations were made on the basis of a multivariate analysis of 30,946 patients with stages I, II, and III melanoma and 7,972 patients with stage IV melanoma to revise and clarify TNM classifications and stage grouping criteria.
Findings and new definitions include the following: (1) in patients with localized melanoma, tumor thickness, mitotic rate (histologically defined as mitoses/mm2), and ulceration were the most dominant prognostic factors. (2) Mitotic rate replaces level of invasion as a primary criterion for defining T1b melanomas. (3) Among the 3,307 patients with regional metastases, components that defined the N category were the number of metastatic nodes, tumor burden, and ulceration of the primary melanoma. (4) For staging purposes, all patients with microscopic nodal metastases, regardless of extent of tumor burden, are classified as stage III. Micrometastases detected by immunohistochemistry are specifically included. (5) On the basis of a multivariate analysis of patients with distant metastases, the two dominant components in defining the M category continue to be the site of distant metastases (nonvisceral v lung v all other visceral metastatic sites) and an elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase level.
Using an evidence-based approach, revisions to the AJCC melanoma staging system have been made that reflect our improved understanding of this disease. These revisions will be formally incorporated into the seventh edition (2009) of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual and implemented by early 2010.
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are considered rare tumors and can produce a variety of hormones. In this study, we examined the epidemiology of and prognostic factors for NETs, because a thorough examination of neither had previously been performed.
The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program registries were searched to identify NET cases from 1973 to 2004. Associated population data were used for incidence and prevalence analyses.
We identified 35,618 patients with NETs. We observed a significant increase in the reported annual age-adjusted incidence of NETs from 1973 (1.09/100,000) to 2004 (5.25/100,000). Using the SEER 9 registry data, we estimated the 29-year limited-duration prevalence of NETs on January 1, 2004, to be 9,263. Also, the estimated 29-year limited-duration prevalence in the United States on that date was 103,312 cases (35/100,000). The most common primary tumor site varied by race, with the lung being the most common in white patients, and the rectum being the most common in Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaskan Native, and African American patients. Additionally, survival duration varied by histologic grade. In multivariate analysis of patients with well-differentiated to moderately differentiated NETs, disease stage, primary tumor site, histologic grade, sex, race, age, and year of diagnosis were predictors of outcome (P < .001).
We observed increased reported incidence of NETs and increased survival durations over time, suggesting that NETs are more prevalent than previously reported. Clinicians need to be become familiar with the natural history and patterns of disease progression, which are characteristic of these tumors.
Standardized response criteria are needed to interpret and compare clinical trials and for approval of new therapeutic agents by regulatory agencies.
The International Working Group response criteria (Cheson et al, J Clin Oncol 17:1244, 1999) were widely adopted, but required reassessment because of identified limitations and the increased use of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (PET), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and flow cytometry. The International Harmonization Project was convened to provide updated recommendations.
New guidelines are presented incorporating PET, IHC, and flow cytometry for definitions of response in non-Hodgkin's and Hodgkin's lymphoma. Standardized definitions of end points are provided.
We hope that these guidelines will be adopted widely by study groups, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, and regulatory agencies to facilitate the development of new and more effective therapies to improve the outcome of patients with lymphoma.
To improve on current standards for breast cancer prognosis and prediction of chemotherapy benefit by developing a risk model that incorporates the gene expression–based “intrinsic” subtypes luminal A, luminal B, HER2-enriched, and basal-like.
A 50-gene subtype predictor was developed using microarray and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction data from 189 prototype samples. Test sets from 761 patients (no systemic therapy) were evaluated for prognosis, and 133 patients were evaluated for prediction of pathologic complete response (pCR) to a taxane and anthracycline regimen.
The intrinsic subtypes as discrete entities showed prognostic significance (P = 2.26E-12) and remained significant in multivariable analyses that incorporated standard parameters (estrogen receptor status, histologic grade, tumor size, and node status). A prognostic model for node-negative breast cancer was built using intrinsic subtype and clinical information. The C-index estimate for the combined model (subtype and tumor size) was a significant improvement on either the clinicopathologic model or subtype model alone. The intrinsic subtype model predicted neoadjuvant chemotherapy efficacy with a negative predictive value for pCR of 97%.
Diagnosis by intrinsic subtype adds significant prognostic and predictive information to standard parameters for patients with breast cancer. The prognostic properties of the continuous risk score will be of value for the management of node-negative breast cancers. The subtypes and risk score can also be used to assess the likelihood of efficacy from neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Phát triển một hướng dẫn nhằm cải thiện độ chính xác của xét nghiệm mô hóa miễn dịch (IHC) các thụ thể estrogen (ER) và thụ thể progesterone (PgR) trong ung thư vú và tiện ích của những thụ thể này như là các dấu hiệu dự đoán.
Hiệp hội Ung thư lâm sàng Hoa Kỳ và Trường Đại học bệnh học Hoa Kỳ đã triệu tập một Hội đồng Chuyên gia quốc tế, thực hiện một tổng quan và đánh giá hệ thống về tài liệu cùng với sự hợp tác của Cancer Care Ontario và phát triển các khuyến nghị nhằm tối ưu hóa hiệu suất xét nghiệm IHC ER/PgR.
Có thể lên đến 20% các xét nghiệm xác định IHC hiện tại về ER và PgR trên phạm vi toàn cầu không chính xác (âm tính giả hoặc dương tính giả). Hầu hết các vấn đề với xét nghiệm đã xảy ra do sự biến động trong các biến số tiền phân tích, ngưỡng dương tính và tiêu chuẩn diễn giải.
Hội đồng khuyến nghị rằng tình trạng của ER và PgR nên được xác định trên tất cả các trường hợp ung thư vú xâm lấn và các trường hợp tái phát ung thư vú. Một thuật toán xét nghiệm dựa trên hiệu suất xét nghiệm chính xác, có thể tái tạo được đề xuất. Những yếu tố để giảm bớt sự biến động của xét nghiệm được chỉ định cụ thể. Khuyến cáo rằng xét nghiệm ER và PgR được coi là dương tính nếu có ít nhất 1% nhân khối u dương tính trong mẫu xem xét trong sự hiện diện của phản ứng dự kiến của các yếu tố kiểm soát nội bộ (các yếu tố biểu mô bình thường) và kiểm soát bên ngoài. Sự không có lợi từ liệu pháp nội tiết cho phụ nữ với ung thư vú xâm lấn ER âm tính đã được xác nhận qua các tổng số lớn các thử nghiệm lâm sàng ngẫu nhiên.
PURPOSE: In a previous study of treatment for advanced colorectal cancer, the LV5FU2 regimen, comprising leucovorin (LV) plus bolus and infusional fluorouracil (5FU) every 2 weeks, was superior to the standard North Central Cancer Treatment Group/Mayo Clinic 5-day bolus 5FU/LV regimen. This phase III study investigated the effect of combining oxaliplatin with LV5FU2, with progression-free survival as the primary end point.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Four hundred twenty previously untreated patients with measurable disease were randomized to receive a 2-hour infusion of LV (200 mg/m2/d) followed by a 5FU bolus (400 mg/m2/d) and 22-hour infusion (600 mg/m2/d) for 2 consecutive days every 2 weeks, either alone or together with oxaliplatin 85 mg/m2 as a 2-hour infusion on day 1.
RESULTS: Patients allocated to oxaliplatin plus LV5FU2 had significantly longer progression-free survival (median, 9.0 v 6.2 months; P = .0003) and better response rate (50.7% v 22.3%; P = .0001) when compared with the control arm. The improvement in overall survival did not reach significance (median, 16.2 v 14.7 months; P = .12). LV5FU2 plus oxaliplatin gave higher frequencies of National Cancer Institute common toxicity criteria grade 3/4 neutropenia (41.7% v 5.3% of patients), grade 3/4 diarrhea (11.9% v 5.3%), and grade 3 neurosensory toxicity (18.2% v 0%), but this did not result in impairment of quality of life (QoL). Survival without disease progression or deterioration in global health status was longer in patients allocated to oxaliplatin treatment (P = .004).
CONCLUSION: The LV5FU2-oxaliplatin combination seems beneficial as first-line therapy in advanced colorectal cancer, demonstrating a prolonged progression-free survival with acceptable tolerability and maintenance of QoL.
Bệnh nhân mắc ung thư tuyến tụy giai đoạn tiến triển có tiên lượng kém và không có cải thiện nào về sự sống sót kể từ khi gemcitabine được giới thiệu vào năm 1996. Các khối u tuyến tụy thường biểu hiện quá mức thụ thể yếu tố tăng trưởng biểu bì người loại 1 (HER1/EGFR) và điều này liên quan đến tiên lượng tồi tệ hơn. Chúng tôi đã nghiên cứu tác động của việc thêm agent nhắm vào HER1/EGFR, erlotinib, vào gemcitabine ở bệnh nhân ung thư tuyến tụy không thể phẫu thuật, tiến triển tại chỗ hoặc di căn.
Bệnh nhân được phân ngẫu nhiên theo tỷ lệ 1:1 để nhận gemcitabine chuẩn cộng với erlotinib (100 hoặc 150 mg/ngày qua đường uống) hoặc gemcitabine cộng với giả dược trong một thử nghiệm giai đoạn III quốc tế mù đôi. Điểm cuối chính là sự sống tổng thể.
Tổng cộng có 569 bệnh nhân được phân ngẫu nhiên. Sự sống tổng thể dựa trên phân tích ý định điều trị được kéo dài đáng kể ở nhóm erlotinib/gemcitabine với tỷ lệ rủi ro (HR) là 0.82 (95% CI, 0.69 đến 0.99; P = .038, đã điều chỉnh cho các yếu tố phân loại; trung vị 6.24 tháng so với 5.91 tháng). Tỷ lệ sống một năm cũng cao hơn với erlotinib cộng gemcitabine (23% so với 17%; P = .023). Thời gian sống không tiến triển đáng kể dài hơn với erlotinib cộng gemcitabine với HR ước tính là 0.77 (95% CI, 0.64 đến 0.92; P = .004). Tỷ lệ phản ứng mục tiêu không có sự khác biệt đáng kể giữa các nhóm, mặc dù nhiều bệnh nhân trên erlotinib có sự ổn định bệnh. Có một tỷ lệ cao hơn một số tác dụng phụ với erlotinib cộng gemcitabine, nhưng hầu hết đều ở mức độ 1 hoặc 2.
Theo hiểu biết của chúng tôi, thử nghiệm ngẫu nhiên giai đoạn III này là thử nghiệm đầu tiên chứng minh sự cải thiện sống sót có ý nghĩa thống kê trong ung thư tuyến tụy giai đoạn muộn bằng cách thêm bất kỳ tác nhân nào vào gemcitabine. Liều khuyến cáo của erlotinib kết hợp với gemcitabine cho chỉ định này là 100 mg/ngày.
To update the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)/College of American Pathologists (CAP) guideline recommendations for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) testing in breast cancer to improve the accuracy of HER2 testing and its utility as a predictive marker in invasive breast cancer.
ASCO/CAP convened an Update Committee that included coauthors of the 2007 guideline to conduct a systematic literature review and update recommendations for optimal HER2 testing.
The Update Committee identified criteria and areas requiring clarification to improve the accuracy of HER2 testing by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or in situ hybridization (ISH). The guideline was reviewed and approved by both organizations.
The Update Committee recommends that HER2 status (HER2 negative or positive) be determined in all patients with invasive (early stage or recurrence) breast cancer on the basis of one or more HER2 test results (negative, equivocal, or positive). Testing criteria define HER2-positive status when (on observing within an area of tumor that amounts to > 10% of contiguous and homogeneous tumor cells) there is evidence of protein overexpression (IHC) or gene amplification (HER2 copy number or HER2/CEP17 ratio by ISH based on counting at least 20 cells within the area). If results are equivocal (revised criteria), reflex testing should be performed using an alternative assay (IHC or ISH). Repeat testing should be considered if results seem discordant with other histopathologic findings. Laboratories should demonstrate high concordance with a validated HER2 test on a sufficiently large and representative set of specimens. Testing must be performed in a laboratory accredited by CAP or another accrediting entity. The Update Committee urges providers and health systems to cooperate to ensure the highest quality testing. This guideline was developed through a collaboration between the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the College of American Pathologists and has been published jointly by invitation and consent in both Journal of Clinical Oncology and the Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. Copyright © 2013 American Society of Clinical Oncology and College of American Pathologists. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission by American Society of Clinical Oncology or College of American Pathologists.
ABSTRACT: Standardized guidelines for response assessment are needed to ensure comparability among clinical trials in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL). To achieve this, two meetings were convened among United States and international lymphoma experts representing medical hematology/oncology, radiology, radiation oncology, and pathology to review currently used response definitions and to develop a uniform set of criteria for assessing response in clinical trials. The criteria that were developed include anatomic definitions of response, with normal lymph node size after treatment of 1.5 cm in the longest transverse diameter by computer-assisted tomography scan. A designation of complete response/unconfirmed was adopted to include patients with a greater than 75% reduction in tumor size after therapy but with a residual mass, to include patients—especially those with large-cell NHL—who may not have residual disease. Single-photon emission computed tomography gallium scans are encouraged as a valuable adjunct to assessment of patients with large-cell NHL, but such scans require appropriate expertise. Flow cytometric, cytogenetic, and molecular studies are not currently included in response definitions. Response rates may be the most important objective in phase II trials where the activity of a new agent is important and may provide support for approval by regulatory agencies. However, the goals of most phase III trials are to identify therapies that will prolong the progression-free survival, if not the overall survival, of the treated patients. We hope that these guidelines will serve to improve communication among investigators and comparability among clinical trials until clinically relevant laboratory and imaging studies are identified and become more widely available.