Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Applied to the Dorsolateral and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortices in Smokers Modifies Cognitive Circuits Implicated in the Nicotine Withdrawal Syndrome

Shiffman, 1996, Progression from a smoking lapse to relapse: Prediction from abstinence violation effects, nicotine dependence, and lapse characteristics, J Consult Clin Psychol, 64, 993, 10.1037/0022-006X.64.5.993

Hughes, 2004, Shape of the relapse curve and long-term abstinence among untreated smokers, Addiction, 99, 29, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00540.x

Hughes, 1992, Tobacco withdrawal in self-quitters, J Consult Clin Psychol, 60, 689, 10.1037/0022-006X.60.5.689

2009, Cigarette smoking among adults and trends in smoking cessation—United States, 2008, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 58, 1227

Babb, 2017, Quitting smoking among adults — United States, 2000–2015, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 65, 1457, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6552a1

Cahill, 2013, Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 5, CD009329

Cahill, 2014, Pharmacological treatments for smoking cessation, JAMA, 311, 193, 10.1001/jama.2013.283787

Koob, 2010, Neurocircuitry of addiction, Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 217, 10.1038/npp.2009.110

Kalivas, 2008, Drug addiction as a pathology of staged neuroplasticity, Neuropsychopharmacology, 33, 166, 10.1038/sj.npp.1301564

Koob, 1997, Drug abuse: Hedonic homeostatic dysregulation, Science, 278, 52, 10.1126/science.278.5335.52

Goldstein, 2011, Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: Neuroimaging findings and clinical implications, Nat Rev Neurosci, 12, 652, 10.1038/nrn3119

Zhang, 2019, Brain default-mode network dysfunction in addiction, Neuroimage, 200, 313, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.06.036

Dunlop, 2017, Noninvasive brain stimulation treatments for addiction and major depression, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1394, 31, 10.1111/nyas.12985

Yavari, 2016, Noninvasive brain stimulation for addiction medicine: From monitoring to modulation, Prog Brain Res, 224, 371, 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.08.007

Ekhtiari, 2019, Transcranial electrical and magnetic stimulation (tES and TMS) for addiction medicine: A consensus paper on the present state of the science and the road ahead, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 104, 118, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.007

Biswal, 1995, Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar MRI, Magn Reson Med, 34, 537, 10.1002/mrm.1910340409

Damoiseaux, 2006, Consistent resting-state networks across healthy subjects, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 103, 13848, 10.1073/pnas.0601417103

Fox, 2005, The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 102, 9673, 10.1073/pnas.0504136102

Smith, 2009, Correspondence of the brain’s functional architecture during activation and rest, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 106, 13040, 10.1073/pnas.0905267106

Yeo, 2011, The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity, J Neurophysiol, 106, 1125, 10.1152/jn.00338.2011

Greicius, 2004, Default-mode network activity distinguishes Alzheimer’s disease from healthy aging: Evidence from functional MRI, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101, 4637, 10.1073/pnas.0308627101

Garrity, 2007, Aberrant “default mode” functional connectivity in schizophrenia, Am J Psychiatry, 164, 450, 10.1176/ajp.2007.164.3.450

Damoiseaux, 2008, Reduced resting-state brain activity in the “default network” in normal aging, Cereb Cortex, 18, 1856, 10.1093/cercor/bhm207

Menon, 2011, Large-scale brain networks and psychopathology: A unifying triple network model, Trends Cogn Sci, 15, 483, 10.1016/j.tics.2011.08.003

Greicius, 2003, Functional connectivity in the resting brain: A network analysis of the default mode hypothesis, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 100, 253, 10.1073/pnas.0135058100

Greicius, 2009, Resting-state functional connectivity reflects structural connectivity in the default mode network, Cereb Cortex, 19, 72, 10.1093/cercor/bhn059

Buckner, 2008, The brain’s default network: Anatomy, function, and relevance to disease, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1124, 1, 10.1196/annals.1440.011

Raichle, 2001, A default mode of brain function, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 98, 676, 10.1073/pnas.98.2.676

Sridharan, 2008, A critical role for the right fronto-insular cortex in switching between central-executive and default-mode networks, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 105, 12569, 10.1073/pnas.0800005105

Ochsner, 2002, Rethinking feelings: An fMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion, J Cogn Neurosci, 14, 1215, 10.1162/089892902760807212

Sutherland, 2012, Resting state functional connectivity in addiction: Lessons learned and a road ahead, Neuroimage, 62, 2281, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.117

Fedota, 2015, Resting-state functional connectivity and nicotine addiction: Prospects for biomarker development, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1349, 64, 10.1111/nyas.12882

Fedota, 2016, Insula demonstrates a non-linear response to varying demand for cognitive control and weaker resting connectivity with the executive control network in smokers, Neuropsychopharmacology, 41, 2557, 10.1038/npp.2016.62

Lerman, 2014, Large-scale brain network coupling predicts acute nicotine abstinence effects on craving and cognitive function, JAMA Psychiatry, 71, 523, 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4091

Hong, 2009, Association of nicotine addiction and nicotine’s actions with separate cingulate cortex functional circuits, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 66, 431, 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.2

Fedota, 2015, Reward anticipation is differentially modulated by varenicline and nicotine in smokers, Neuropsychopharmacology, 40, 2038, 10.1038/npp.2015.54

Sutherland, 2013, Down-regulation of amygdala and insula functional circuits by varenicline and nicotine in abstinent cigarette smokers, Biol Psychiatry, 74, 538, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.035

Sutherland, 2013, Individual differences in amygdala reactivity following nicotinic receptor stimulation in abstinent smokers, Neuroimage, 66, 585, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.043

Lesage, 2017, Neural signatures of cognitive flexibility and reward sensitivity following nicotinic receptor stimulation in dependent smokers: A randomized trial, JAMA Psychiatry, 74, 632, 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0400

Cole, 2010, Nicotine replacement in abstinent smokers improves cognitive withdrawal symptoms with modulation of resting brain network dynamics, Neuroimage, 52, 590, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.251

Fedota, 2018, Nicotine abstinence influences the calculation of salience in discrete insular circuits, Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging, 3, 150, 10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.09.010

Peña-Gómez, 2012, Modulation of large-scale brain networks by transcranial direct current stimulation evidenced by resting-state functional MRI, Brain Stimul, 5, 252, 10.1016/j.brs.2011.08.006

Park, 2013, Transcranial direct current stimulation increases resting state interhemispheric connectivity, Neurosci Lett, 539, 7, 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.01.047

Amadi, 2014, Polarity-specific effects of motor transcranial direct current stimulation on fMRI resting state networks, Neuroimage, 88, 155, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.11.037

Krishnamurthy, 2015, Resting-state fMRI reveals enhanced functional connectivity in spatial navigation networks after transcranial direct current stimulation, Neurosci Lett, 604, 80, 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.07.042

Hone-Blanchet, 2016, Online effects of transcranial direct current stimulation in real time on human prefrontal and striatal metabolites, Biol Psychiatry, 80, 432, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.11.008

Zheng, 2011, Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on human regional cerebral blood flow, Neuroimage, 58, 26, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.018

Antal, 2011, Transcranial direct current stimulation over the primary motor cortex during fMRI, Neuroimage, 55, 590, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.085

Antal, 2012, Cathodal stimulation of human MT+ leads to elevated fMRI signal: A tDCS-fMRI study, Restor Neurol Neurosci, 30, 255

Ironside, 2019, Effect of prefrontal cortex stimulation on regulation of amygdala response to threat in individuals with trait anxiety: A randomized clinical trial, JAMA Psychiatry, 76, 71, 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.2172

Boggio, 2009, Cumulative priming effects of cortical stimulation on smoking cue-induced craving, Neurosci Lett, 463, 82, 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.07.041

Meng, 2014, Transcranial direct current stimulation of the frontal-parietal-temporal area attenuates smoking behavior, J Psychiatr Res, 54, 19, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.03.007

Fecteau, 2014, Modulation of smoking and decision-making behaviors with transcranial direct current stimulation in tobacco smokers: A preliminary study, Drug Alcohol Depend, 140, 78, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.036

Falcone, 2016, Transcranial direct current brain stimulation increases ability to resist smoking, Brain Stimul, 9, 191, 10.1016/j.brs.2015.10.004

Mondino, 2018, Effects of repeated transcranial direct current stimulation on smoking, craving and brain reactivity to smoking cues, Sci Rep, 8, 1, 10.1038/s41598-018-27057-1

Cohen, 1994, Activation of the prefrontal cortex in a nonspatial working memory task with functional MRI, Hum Brain Mapp, 1, 293, 10.1002/hbm.460010407

Ochsner, 2005, The cognitive control of emotion, Trends Cogn Sci, 9, 242, 10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010

Hariri, 2002, The amygdala response to emotional stimuli: A comparison of faces and scenes, Neuroimage, 17, 317, 10.1006/nimg.2002.1179

Loughead, 2015, Working memory-related neural activity predicts future smoking relapse, Neuropsychopharmacology, 40, 1311, 10.1038/npp.2014.318

Dedoncker, 2016, The effect of the interval-between-sessions on prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on cognitive outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis, J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1996, 123, 1159

Beam, 2009, An efficient and accurate new method for locating the F3 position for prefrontal TMS applications, Brain Stimul, 2, 50, 10.1016/j.brs.2008.09.006

Woods, 2016, A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools, Clin Neurophysiol, 127, 1031, 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.11.012

Gandiga, 2006, Transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS): A tool for double-blind sham-controlled clinical studies in brain stimulation, Clin Neurophysiol, 117, 845, 10.1016/j.clinph.2005.12.003

Gorgolewski, 2016, The brain imaging data structure, a format for organizing and describing outputs of neuroimaging experiments, Sci Data, 3, 1, 10.1038/sdata.2016.44

Esteban, 2019, fMRIPrep: A robust preprocessing pipeline for functional MRI, Nat Methods, 16, 111, 10.1038/s41592-018-0235-4

Cox, 1996, AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages, Comput Biomed Res, 29, 162, 10.1006/cbmr.1996.0014

Thielscher, 2015, Field modeling for transcranial magnetic stimulation: A useful tool to understand the physiological effects of TMS?, Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2015, 222

Caparelli, 2017, Graph theory reveals amygdala modules consistent with its anatomical subdivisions, Sci Rep, 7, 1, 10.1038/s41598-017-14613-4

Power, 2012, Spurious but systematic correlations in functional connectivity MRI networks arise from subject motion, Neuroimage, 59, 2142, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.018

Wörsching, 2016, Imaging transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the prefrontal cortex—correlation or causality in stimulation-mediated effects?, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 69, 333, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.001

Power, 2011, Functional network organization of the human brain, Neuron, 72, 665, 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.09.006

Fox, 2014, Resting-state networks link invasive and noninvasive brain stimulation across diverse psychiatric and neurological diseases, Proc Natl Acad Sci, 111, E4367, 10.1073/pnas.1405003111

Fox, 2012, Efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation targets for depression is related to intrinsic functional connectivity with the subgenual cingulate, Biol Psychiatry, 72, 595, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.028

Fox, 2013, Identification of reproducible individualized targets for treatment of depression with TMS based on intrinsic connectivity, Neuroimage, 66, 151, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.082

Shahbabaie, 2014, State dependent effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on methamphetamine craving, Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 17, 1591, 10.1017/S1461145714000686

Shahbabaie, 2018, Transcranial DC stimulation modifies functional connectivity of large-scale brain networks in abstinent methamphetamine users, Brain Behav, 8, 10.1002/brb3.922

Antal, 2014, Imaging artifacts induced by electrical stimulation during conventional fMRI of the brain, Neuroimage, 85, 1040, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.026

Andrews-Hanna, 2014, The default network and self-generated thought: Component processes, dynamic control, and clinical relevance, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1316, 29, 10.1111/nyas.12360

Wang, 2005, Desensitized nicotinic receptors in brain, Brain Res Rev, 48, 420, 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.09.003

Brody, 2006, Cigarette smoking saturates brain α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 63, 907, 10.1001/archpsyc.63.8.907

De Biasi, 2011, Reward, addiction, withdrawal to nicotine, Annu Rev Neurosci, 34, 105, 10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113734

Nitsche, 2000, Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation, J Physiol, 527, 633, 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x

Radman, 2009, Role of cortical cell type and morphology in subthreshold and suprathreshold uniform electric field stimulation in vitro, Brain Stimul, 2, 215, 10.1016/j.brs.2009.03.007

Rahman, 2013, Cellular effects of acute direct current stimulation: Somatic and synaptic terminal effects, J Physiol, 591, 2563, 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.247171

Gellner, 2016, Glia: A neglected player in non-invasive direct current brain stimulation, Front Cell Neurosci, 10, 188, 10.3389/fncel.2016.00188

Ruohonen, 2012, tDCS possibly stimulates glial cells, Clin Neurophysiol, 123, 2006, 10.1016/j.clinph.2012.02.082

Thirugnanasambandam, 2011, Isometric contraction interferes with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) induced plasticity—evidence of state-dependent neuromodulation in human motor cortex, Restor Neurol Neurosci, 29, 311

Hahn, 2009, Performance effects of nicotine during selective attention, divided attention, and simple stimulus detection: An fMRI study, Cereb Cortex, 19, 1990, 10.1093/cercor/bhn226

Sutherland, 2013, Insula’s functional connectivity with ventromedial prefrontal cortex mediates the impact of trait alexithymia on state tobacco craving, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 228, 143, 10.1007/s00213-013-3018-8

Carroll, 2015, Greater externalizing personality traits predict less error-related insula and anterior cingulate cortex activity in acutely abstinent cigarette smokers, Addict Biol, 20, 377, 10.1111/adb.12118

Huang, 2014, The development and expression of physical nicotine dependence corresponds to structural and functional alterations in the anterior cingulate-precuneus pathway, Brain Behav, 4, 408, 10.1002/brb3.227

Wang, 2014, The neural mechanisms underlying the acute effect of cigarette smoking on chronic smokers, PLoS One, 9

Heishman, 1999, Behavioral and cognitive effects of smoking: Relationship to nicotine addiction, Nicotine Tob Res, 1, S143, 10.1080/14622299050011971

Petersen, 2012, The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after, Annu Rev Neurosci, 35, 73, 10.1146/annurev-neuro-062111-150525

Kelley, 2002, Finding the self? An event-related fMRI study, J Cogn Neurosci, 14, 785, 10.1162/08989290260138672

Chun, 2011, A taxonomy of external and internal attention, Annu Rev Psychol, 62, 73, 10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100427

Uddin, 2015, Salience processing and insular cortical function and dysfunction, Nat Rev Neurosci, 16, 55, 10.1038/nrn3857

Brunoni, 2013, The sertraline vs. electrical current therapy for treating depression clinical study: Results from a factorial, randomized, controlled trial, JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 383, 10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.32

Sampaio-Junior, 2018, Efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation as an add-on treatment for bipolar depression: A randomized clinical trial, JAMA Psychiatry, 75, 158, 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.4040

Conti, 2014, Bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex changes the drug-cued reactivity in the anterior cingulate cortex of crack-cocaine addicts, Brain Stimul, 7, 130, 10.1016/j.brs.2013.09.007

Conti, 2014, Cognitive related electrophysiological changes induced by non-invasive cortical electrical stimulation in crack-cocaine addiction, Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 17, 1465, 10.1017/S1461145714000522

Batista, 2015, A randomized placebo-controlled trial of targeted prefrontal cortex modulation with bilateral tDCS in patients with crack-cocaine dependence, Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 18, pyv066, 10.1093/ijnp/pyv066

Boggio, 2008, Prefrontal cortex modulation using transcranial DC stimulation reduces alcohol craving: A double-blind, sham-controlled study, Drug Alcohol Depend, 92, 55, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.06.011

Nakamura-Palacios, 2012, Auditory event-related potentials (P3) and cognitive changes induced by frontal direct current stimulation in alcoholics according to Lesch alcoholism typology, Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 15, 601, 10.1017/S1461145711001040

da Silva, 2013, Behavioral effects of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) induced dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plasticity in alcohol dependence, J Physiol Paris, 107, 493, 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2013.07.003

Klauss, 2014, A randomized controlled trial of targeted prefrontal cortex modulation with tDCS in patients with alcohol dependence, Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 17, 1793, 10.1017/S1461145714000984

Heishman, 1998, What aspects of human performance are truly enhanced by nicotine?, Addiction, 93, 317, 10.1080/09652149835864

Xu, 2013, Transcranial direct current stimulation reduces negative affect but not cigarette craving in overnight abstinent smokers, Addict Disord, 4, 112

Pedron, 2014, Repeated transcranial direct current stimulation prevents abnormal behaviors associated with abstinence from chronic nicotine consumption, Neuropsychopharmacology, 39, 981, 10.1038/npp.2013.298

Hendricks, 2006, The early time course of smoking withdrawal effects, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 187, 385, 10.1007/s00213-006-0429-9

Kozink, 2010, Smoking withdrawal modulates right inferior frontal cortex but not presupplementary motor area activation during inhibitory control, Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 2600, 10.1038/npp.2010.154

Heishman, 1994, Nicotine and smoking: A review of effects on human performance, Exp Clin Psychopharmacol, 2, 345, 10.1037/1064-1297.2.4.345

Ashare, 2014, Cognitive function during nicotine withdrawal: Implications for nicotine dependence treatment, Neuropharmacology, 76, 581, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.034

Loughead, 2010, Effects of the α4β2 partial agonist varenicline on brain activity and working memory in abstinent smokers, Biol Psychiatry, 67, 715, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.01.016

Tanabe, 2011, Nicotine effects on default mode network during resting state, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 216, 287, 10.1007/s00213-011-2221-8

Ettinger, 2009, Effects of acute nicotine on brain function in healthy smokers and non-smokers: Estimation of inter-individual response heterogeneity, Neuroimage, 45, 549, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.12.029

Falcone, 2014, Age-related differences in working memory deficits during nicotine withdrawal, Addict Biol, 19, 907, 10.1111/adb.12051

Lawrence, 2002, Cognitive mechanisms of nicotine on visual attention, Neuron, 36, 539, 10.1016/S0896-6273(02)01004-8

Stein, 1998, Nicotine-induced limbic cortical activation in the human brain: A functional MRI study, Am J Psychiatry, 155, 1009, 10.1176/ajp.155.8.1009

Tanabe, 2008, Ventral striatal blood flow is altered by acute nicotine but not withdrawal from nicotine, Neuropsychopharmacology, 33, 627, 10.1038/sj.npp.1301428

Picard, 2013, High density of nicotinic receptors in the cingulo-insular network, Neuroimage, 79, 42, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.074

Coull, 1998, Neural correlates of attention and arousal: Insights from electrophysiology, functional neuroimaging and psychopharmacology, Prog Neurobiol, 55, 343, 10.1016/S0301-0082(98)00011-2

Halassa, 2017, Thalamic functions in distributed cognitive control, Nat Neurosci, 20, 1669, 10.1038/s41593-017-0020-1

Heishman, 2010, Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 210, 453, 10.1007/s00213-010-1848-1

Koob, 2008, Addiction and the brain antireward system, Annu Rev Psychol, 59, 29, 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093548

Hughes, 2007, Effects of abstinence from tobacco: Valid symptoms and time course, Nicotine Tob Res, 9, 315, 10.1080/14622200701188919

Fridriksson, 2018, Transcranial direct current stimulation vs sham stimulation to treat aphasia after stroke: A randomized clinical trial, JAMA Neurol, 75, 1470, 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.2287

Phillips, 2014, Psychostimulant addiction treatment, Neuropharmacology, 87, 150, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.04.002