As discussed in the first part of this paper, a key problem shared by some of the most well-known phenomenological derivations of Schrödinger-like equations is the (arbitrary) choice of the free parameters involved. Specifically, the (universal) constant
$$\hbar $$
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We show that quantum theory (QT) is a substructure of classical probabilistic physics. The central quantity of the classical theory is Hamilton’s function, which determines canonical equations, a corresponding flow, and a Liouville equation for a probability density. We extend this theory in two respects: (1) The same structure is defined for arbitrary observables. Thus, we have all of the above e...... hiện toàn bộ