European Psychiatry
0924-9338
Cơ quản chủ quản: CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS , Cambridge University Press
Lĩnh vực:
Psychiatry and Mental Health
Các bài báo tiêu biểu
The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A short diagnostic structured interview: reliability and validity according to the CIDI Summary The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) is a short diagnostic structured interview (DSI) developed in France and the United States to explore 17 disorders according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-III-R diagnostic criteria. It is fully structured to allow administration by non-specialized interviewers. In order to keep it short it focuses on the existence of current disorders. For each disorder, one or two screening questions rule out the diagnosis when answered negatively. Probes for severity, disability or medically explained symptoms are not explored symptom-by-symptom. Two joint papers present the inter-rater and test-retest reliability of the MINI the validity versus the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) (this paper) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R patients (SCID) (joint paper). Three-hundred and forty-six patients (296 psychiatric and 50 non-psychiatric) were administered the MINI and the CIDI ‘gold standard’. Forty two were interviewed by two investigators and 42 interviewed subsequently within two days. Interviewers were trained to use both instruments. The mean duration of the interview was 21 min with the MINI and 92 for corresponding sections of the CIDI. Kappa coefficient, sensitivity and specificity were good or very good for all diagnoses with the exception of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) (kappa = 0.36), agoraphobia (sensitivity = 0.59) and bulimia (kappa = 0.53). Interrater and test-retest reliability were good. The main reasons for discrepancies were identified. The MINI provided reliable DSM-III-R diagnoses within a short time frame, The study permitted improvements in the formulations for GAD and agoraphobia in the current DSM-IV version of the MINI.
Tập 12 Số 5 - Trang 224-231 - 1997
The relationship between impulsivity and Internet addiction in a sample of Chinese adolescents Abstract Objective Previous studies regarding internet addiction have investigated associated psychological variables such as shyness, loneliness, self-consciousness, anxiety, depression and interpersonal relations. Few studies about the relationship between internet Addiction and impulsivity have been done. This study aimed to assess whether internet addiction is related to impulsivity among Chinese adolescents. Method This study was performed in two stages. We screened for the presence of internet Addiction among 2620 high school students(age ranging from 12 years to 18 years) from four high schools of Changsha City using Diagnostic Questionnaire for internet Addiction (YDQ). According to the modified YDQ criteria by Beard, 64 students were diagnosed as internet addiction. Excluding current psychiatric comorbidity, 50 students who were diagnosed as internet Addiction (mean age, 14.8 ± 1.4 years) and 50 normal students in internet usage(mean age, 14.5 ± 1.8 years) were included in a case control study. The two groups were assessed using Barratt Impulsiveness Scale 11 (BIS-11) and behavioral measure of impulsivity (GoStop Impulsivity Paradigm). Results Sixty-four students met the modified YDQ criteria by Beard, of whom 14 students suffered from comorbid psychiatric disorders, especially comorbid ADHD. The internet Addiction group had significantly higher scores on the BIS-11 subscales of Attentional key, Motor key, and Total scores than the control group (P < 0.05). The internet Addiction group scored higher than the control group on the failure to inhibit responses of GoStop Impulsivity Paradigm (P < 0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between YDQ scores and BIS-11subscales and the number of failure to inhibit responses of GoStop Impulsivity Paradigm. Conclusion This study suggests that adolescents with internet addiction exhibit more impulsivity than controls and have various comorbid psychiatric disorders, which could be associated with the psychopathology of internet addiction.
Tập 22 Số 7 - Trang 466-471 - 2007
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prevalence Studies in Transsexualism Abstract Background Over the last 50 years, several studies have provided estimates of the prevalence of transsexualism. The variation in reported prevalence is considerable and may be explained by factors such as the methodology and diagnostic classification used and the year and country in which the studies took place. Taking these into consideration, this study aimed to critically and systematically review the available literature measuring the prevalence of transsexualism as well as performing a meta-analysis using the available data. Methods Databases were systematically searched and 1473 possible studies were identified. After initial scrutiny of the article titles and removal of those not relevant, 250 studies were selected for further appraisal. Of these, 211 were excluded after reading the abstracts and a further 18 after reading the full article. This resulted in 21 studies on which to perform a systematic review, with only 12 having sufficient data for meta-analysis. The primary data of the epidemiological studies were extracted as raw numbers. An aggregate effect size, weighted by sample size, was computed to provide an overall effect size across the studies. Risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. The relative weighted contribution of each study was also assessed. Results The overall meta-analytical prevalence for transsexualism was 4.6 in 100,000 individuals; 6.8 for trans women and 2.6 for trans men. Time analysis found an increase in reported prevalence over the last 50 years. Conclusions The overall prevalence of transsexualism reported in the literature is increasing. However, it is still very low and is mainly based on individuals attending clinical services and so does not provide an overall picture of prevalence in the general population. However, this study should be considered as a starting point and the field would benefit from more rigorous epidemiological studies acknowledging current changes in the classification system and including different locations worldwide.
Tập 30 Số 6 - Trang 807-815 - 2015
The HPA and immune axes in stress: the involvement of the serotonergic system Abstract The impact of acute and chronic stress on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is reviewed and evidence presented that corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF) is the stress neurotransmitter which plays an important role in the activation of the central sympathetic and serotonergic systems. The activity of CRF is expressed through specific receptors (CRF 1 and 2) that are antagonistic in their actions and widely distributed in the limbic regions of the brain, as well as in the hypothalamus, and on immune cells. The mechanism whereby chronic stress, via the CRF induced activation of the dorsal raphe nucleus, can induce a change in the serotonergic system, involves an increase in the 5HT2A and a decrease in the 5HT1A receptor mediated function. Such changes contribute to the onset of anxiety and depression. In addition, the hypersecretion of glucocorticoids that is associated with chronic stress and depression desensitises the central glucocorticoid receptors to the negative feedback inhibition of the HPA axis. This indirectly results in the further activation of the HPA axis. The rise in pro-inflammatory cytokines that usually accompanies the chronic stress response results in a further stimulation of the HPA axis thereby adding to the stress response. While CRF would appear to play a pivotal role, evidence is provided that simultaneous changes in the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems, combined with the activation of peripheral and central macrophages that increase the pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in the brain and blood, also play a critical role in predisposing to anxiety and depression. Neurodegenerative changes in the brain that frequently occur in the elderly patient with major depression, could result from the activation of indoleaminedioxygenase (IDO), a widely distributed enzyme that converts tryptophan via the kynenine pathway to for the neurotoxic end product quinolinic acid.
Tập 20 Số S3 - Trang S302-S306 - 2005
Internet Use, Facebook Intrusion, and Depression: Results of a Cross-Sectional Study Abstract Facebook has become a very popular social networking platform today, particularly among adolescents and young adults, profoundly changing the way they communicate and interact. However, some reports have indicated that excessive Facebook use might have detrimental effects on mental health and be associated with certain psychological problems. Because previous findings on the relationship between Facebook addiction and depression were not unambiguous, further investigation was required. The main objective of our study was to examine the potential associations between Internet use, depression, and Facebook intrusion. A total of 672 Facebook users took part in the cross-sectional study. The Facebook Intrusion Questionnaire and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale were used. For collecting the data, the snowball sampling procedure was used. We showed that depression can be a predictor of Facebook intrusion. Our results provides additional evidence that daily Internet use time in minutes, gender, and age are also predictors of Facebook intrusion: that Facebook intrusion can be predicted by being male, young age, and an extensive number of minutes spent online. On the basis of this study, it is possible to conclude that there are certain demographic – variables, such as age, gender, or time spent online – that may help in outlining the profile of a user who may be in danger of becoming addicted to Facebook. This piece of knowledge may serve for prevention purposes.
Tập 30 Số 6 - Trang 681-684 - 2015
Bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia: epidemiologic, clinical and prognostic differences Summary The validity and nosologic status of schizoaffective disorder is still a controversial issue. This study was conducted to analyze the demographic, clinical and prognostic variables that determine the validity of the diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder bipolar type. We analyzed and compared 138 outpatients: 67 with type I bipolar disorder, 34 with schizoaffective disorder bipolar type and 37 with schizophrenia. They were all diagnosed following research diagnostic criteria and assessed according to the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Schizoaffective unipolar patients were excluded. The results reaffirmed that, from the standpoints of demographics, clinical features and prognosis, schizoaffective disorders bipolar type can be classified as a phenotypic form at an intermediate point between bipolar I disorder and schizophrenia. These results emphasize the importance of longitudinal follow-up in the diagnosis and assessment of psychotic syndromes. Although cross-sectional symptoms were closer to the schizophrenia spectrum, the course of the illness resembled more that of bipolar patients, resulting in an intermediate outcome.
Tập 16 Số 3 - Trang 167-172 - 2001
Oral Disease in Relation to Future Risk of Dementia and Cognitive Decline: Prospective Cohort Study Based on the Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified-Release Controlled Evaluation (Advance) Trial Abstract Objective Examine the association of oral disease with future dementia/cognitive decline in a cohort of people with type 2 diabetes. Methods A total of 11,140 men and women aged 55–88 years at study induction with type 2 diabetes participated in a baseline medical examination when they reported the number of natural teeth and days of bleeding gums. Dementia and cognitive decline were ascertained periodically during a 5-year follow-up. Results Relative to the group with the greatest number of teeth (more than or equal to 22), having no teeth was associated with the highest risk of both dementia (hazard ratio; 95% confidence interval: 1.48; 1.24, 1.78) and cognitive decline (1.39; 1.21, 1.59). Number of days of bleeding gums was unrelated to these outcomes. Conclusions Tooth loss was associated with an increased risk of both dementia and cognitive decline.
Tập 28 Số 1 - Trang 49-52 - 2013
Cross-sectional similarities and differences between schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and mania or mixed mania with mood-incongruent psychotic features Abstract Background. – Aims of the study. – Methods. – Results. – Conclusion. –
Tập 19 Số 1 - Trang 8-14 - 2004
Long-term validity of the At Risk Mental State (ARMS) for predicting psychotic and non-psychotic mental disorders Abstract Background The long-term clinical validity of the At Risk Mental State (ARMS) for the prediction of non-psychotic mental disorders is unknown. Methods Clinical register-based cohort study including all non-psychotic individuals assessed by the Outreach And Support in South London (OASIS) service (2002–2015). The primary outcome was risk of developing any mental disorder (psychotic or non-psychotic). Analyses included Cox proportional hazard models, Kaplan–Meier survival/failure function and C statistics. Results A total of 710 subjects were included. A total of 411 subjects were at risk (ARMS+) and 299 not at risk (ARMS−). Relative to ARMS−, the ARMS+ was associated with an increased risk (HR = 4.825) of developing psychotic disorders, and a reduced risk (HR = 0.545) of developing non-psychotic disorders (mainly personality disorders). At 6-year, the ARMS designation retained high sensitivity (0.873) but only modest specificity (0.456) for the prediction of psychosis onset (AUC 0.68). The brief and limited intermittent psychotic symptoms (BLIPS) subgroup had a higher risk of developing psychosis, and a lower risk of developing non-psychotic disorders as compared to the attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS) subgroup (P < 0.001). Conclusions In the long-term, the ARMS specifically predicts the onset of psychotic disorders, with modest accuracy, but not of non-psychotic disorders. Individuals meeting BLIPS criteria have distinct clinical outcomes. Significant outcomes In the long-term, the ARMS designation is still significantly associated with an increased risk of developing psychotic disorders but its prognostic accuracy is only modest. There is no evidence that the ARMS is associated with an increased risk of developing non-psychotic mental disorders. The BLIPS subgroup at lower risk of developing non-psychotic disorders compared to the APS subgroup. Limitations While incident diagnoses employed in this study are high in ecological validity they have not been subjected to formal validation with research-based criteria.
Tập 42 - Trang 49-54 - 2017
Quality of life measures in schizophrenia Abstract The recognition of the importance of evaluating the quality of life of patients with schizophrenia highlighted the importance ofdeveloping appropriate instruments. In this paper we review the available quality of life instruments focusing on their conceptual framework, structure, administration and psychometric properties. First, we address the generic instruments that have been validated for schizophrenic populations, namely the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL), the Medical Outcome Study (MOS) 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) and the EuroQoL-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D). Then, we focus on instruments that have been specifically developed for patients with schizophrenia and other or severe mentally illness such as the Quality of Life Scale (QLS), the Quality of Life Interview (QoLI), the Lancashire Quality of Life Profile (LQoLP), the Sevilla Quality of Life Questionnaire (SQLQ), the Personal Evaluation of Transitions in Treatment (PETIT), and the Quality of Life Questionnaire in Schizophrenia (S-QoL).
Tập 20 Số S3 - Trang S313-S317 - 2005