Depressive episodes–evidence for a causal role of primary anxiety disorders?
Tóm tắt
Anxiety and depressive disorders are common mental disorders in general population, imposing tremendous burden on both affected persons and society. Moreover, comorbidity between anxiety and depressive conditions is high, leading to substantial disability and functional impairment. Findings consistently suggest that anxiety disorders are primary to depression in the majority of comorbid cases. Yet, the question of whether anxiety disorders are risk factors for depression, and potentially even causal risk factors for the first onset of depression, remains unresolved. Recent results have shown that anxiety disorders increase the risk for subsequent depression, and also affect the course of depression, resulting in a poorer prognosis. Further, some results suggest a dose–response-relationship in revealing that a higher number of anxiety disorders and more severe impairment associated with anxiety disorders additionally increase the risk for subsequent depression. The goal of this paper is to review recent literature, summarize implications of previous findings, and suggest directions for future research regarding preventive and intervention strategies.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Breier, 1985, The diagnostic validity of anxiety disorders and their relationship to depressive illness, Am J Psychiatry, 142, 787, 10.1176/ajp.142.7.787
Robins, 1991, Psychiatric disorders in Amerika: the Epide-miologic Catchment Area Study
Eaton, 1991, Psychiatric disorders in America The epidemiologic catchment area study, 155
Wittchen, 2001, Generalized anxiety disorder: nature and course, J Clin Psychiatry, 62, 15
Kessler, 1997, Treatment strategies for patients with psychiatric comorbidity, 23
Wittchen, 2003, Natural course and burden of bipolar disorders, Int J Neuropharmacol, 6, 145
Jacobi, Prevalence, comorbidity and correlates of mental disorders in the general population: results from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey (GHS), Psychol Med
Gillham, 1999, Prevention of depressive symptoms in school children, A research update: two-year follow-up. Psychol Sci, 6, 343
Essau, 1998, Häufigkeit Conradt J. Komor-bidität und psychosoziale Beeinträchtigung von Depressiven Störun-gen bei Jugendlichen: Ergebnisse der Bremer Jugendstudie, Z Klin Psychol Psychother, 46, 316
Essau, 1998, Häufigkeit und Komorbidität psychischer Störungen bei Jugendlichen: Ergebnisse der Bremer Jugendstudie, Z Klin Psychol Psychother, 46, 105
Wittchen, 1999, Childhood onset of “adult” psychopathology, clinical and research advances, 259
Kessler, 1999, Impairment in pure and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depression at 12 months in two national surveys, Am J Psychiatry, 156, 1915, 10.1176/ajp.156.12.1915
Blazer, 1991, Psychiatric disorders in America: the epidemiologic catchment area study, 180
Stein, 2001, Social anxiety disorder and the risk of depression, A prospective community study of adolescents and young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 58, 251
Wittchen, 2002, Generalized anxiety and depression in primary care: prevalence, recognition and management, J Clin Psychiatry, 63, 24
Schuster, Depressionen bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen. Eine klinisch-epidemiologische Analyse. Stuttgart: Schattauer Verlag; 2001 Mit einem Geleitwort von Prof, Dr. Dipl.-Psych. Hans-Ulrich Wittchen
Bittner, What characteristics of primary anxiety disorders predict subsequent major depression?, J Clin Psychiatry, submitted for publication
Wittchen, 1991, Der Langzeitverlauf unbehandelter Angststörungen: Wie häufig sind Spontanremissionen? Verhaltensther, 1, 273
Kendler, 1996, Major depression and generalised anxiety disorder, Same genes, (partly) different environments-revisited. Br J Psychiatry, 168, 68
Wittchen, 2003, Anxiety disorders, 25
Massion, 1993, Quality of life and psychiatric morbidity in panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder, Am J Psychiatry, 150, 600, 10.1176/ajp.150.4.600
Meyer, 2000, Lebenszeit-prävalenz psychischer Störungen in der erwachsenen Allgemeinbev-ölerung, Ergebnisse der TOCAS-Studie. Nervenarzt, 71, 535