Transgressive overyielding in mixed compared with monospecific Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and oak (Quercus robur L., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) stands – Productivity gains increase with annual water supply

Forest Ecology and Management - Tập 439 - Trang 81-96 - 2019
M. Steckel1, M. Heym1, B. Wolff2, D.O.J. Reventlow3, H. Pretzsch1
1Chair of Forest Growth and Yield Science, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-v.-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
2Faculty of Forest and Environment, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, Alfred-Möller-Straße 1, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
3Section for Forest, Nature and Biomass, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark

Tài liệu tham khảo

Aarssen, 1997, High productivity in grassland ecosystems: effected by species diversity or productive species?, Oikos, 80, 183, 10.2307/3546531

Adhikari, 2014, Constructing a soil class map of Denmark based on the FAO legend using digital techniques, Geoderma, 214–215, 101, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.09.023

Albert, 2015, Assessing risks and uncertainties in forest dynamics under different management scenarios and climate change, For. Ecosyst., 2, 1, 10.1186/s40663-015-0036-5

Ammer, 2019, Diversity and forest productivity in a changing climate, New Phytol., 221, 50, 10.1111/nph.15263

Amoroso, 2006, Comparing productivity of pure and mixed Douglas-fir and western hemlock plantations in the Pacific Northwest, Can. J. For. Res., 36, 1484, 10.1139/x06-042

Annighöfer, 2015, Regeneration patterns of european oak species (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl., Quercus robur L.) in dependence of environment and neighborhood, PLoS ONE, 10, 1, 10.1371/journal.pone.0134935

Bartelink, 1998

Bäucker, 2009, Holzqualität von Traubeneichen-Kiefern-Mischbeständen und Traubeneichen-Reinbeständen, Forst Holz, 64, 25

Bäucker, 2007, Holzqualität von Traubeneichen aus Eichen-Kiefern-Mischbeständen, Forst Holz, 62, 17

Bauhus, 2017, From observations to evidence about effects of mixed-species stands, 27

Bayerische Landesanstalt für Wald und Forstwirtschaft LWF, 2018. BayWIS-Auszug “Bodenart”.

Bello, 2019, Complementary water uptake depth of Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris in mixed stands during an extreme drought, Plant Soil, 1

Bertness, 1994, Positive interactions in communities, Trends Ecol. Evol., 9, 191, 10.1016/0169-5347(94)90088-4

Biber, 2013, Kontinuität durch Flexibilität - Standardisierte Datenauswertung im Rahmen eines waldwachstumskundlichen Informationssystems, Allg. Forst- u. J.-Ztg., 184, 167

Bielak, 2014, Mixed stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst] can be more productive than monocultures. Evidence from over 100 years of observation of long-term experiments, For. Syst., 23, 573

Bilke, 2004

Binkley, 1992, Production and nutrient cycling in mixed plantations of Eucalyptus and Albizia in Hawaii, Ann. For. Sci., 38, 393

Binkley, 2006, Patterns of growth dominance in forests of the Rocky Mountains, USA, For. Ecol. Manage., 236, 193, 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.09.001

Brang, 2014, Suitability of close-to-nature silviculture for adapting temperate European forests to climate change, Forestry, 87, 492, 10.1093/forestry/cpu018

Brassard, 2012, Tree species diversity increases fine root productivity through increased soil volume filling, J. Ecol., 101, 210, 10.1111/1365-2745.12023

Brooker, 2008, Facilitation in plant communities: the past, the present, and the future, J. Ecol., 96, 18

Brown, 1992, Functioning of mixed-species stands at Gisburn, N W England, 125

Callaway, 2007

Carlisle, 1968, Pinus Sylvestris L, J. Ecol., 56, 269, 10.2307/2258078

Cavard, 2011, Competition and facilitation between tree species change with stand development, Oikos, 120, 1683, 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19294.x

Condés, 2013, Mixing effect on volume growth of Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris is modulated by stand density, For. Ecol. Manage., 292, 86, 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.12.013

Conn, 2000, Litter quality influences on decomposition, ectomycorrhizal community structure and mycorrhizal root surface acid phosphatase activity, Soil Biol. Biochem., 32, 489, 10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00178-9

Cornwell, 2008, Plant species traits are the predominant control on litter decomposition rates within biomes worldwide, Ecol. Lett., 11, 1065, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01219.x

Danmarks Meteorologiske Institut (DMI), 2018. Meteorological data from NOVANA-database. Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI). Copenhagen. <http://novana.dmi.dk>.

de Camino, 1976, Zur Bestimmung der Bestandeshomogenität, Allg. Forst- u. J.-Ztg., 147, 54

de Martonne, 1926, Une novelle fonction climatologique: L’indice d’aridité, La Métérologie, 21, 449

del Río, 2018, Tree allometry variation in response to intra- and inter-specific competitions, Trees, 33, 121, 10.1007/s00468-018-1763-3

del Río, 2014, Temporal variation of competition and facilitation in mixed species forests in Central Europe, Plant Biol., 16, 166, 10.1111/plb.12029

del Río, 2009, Comparing volume growth in pure and mixed stands of Pinus sylvestris and Quercus pyrenaica, Ann. For. Sci., 66, 1, 10.1051/forest/2009035

Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), 2018a. Annual grids of monthly averaged daily air temperature (2m) over Germany, version v1.0. ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/grids_germany/annual/air_temperature_mean/ (4 October 2018).

Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), 2018b. Annual sum of monthly precipitation grids over Germany, version v1.0. ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/grids_germany/annual/precipitation/ (4 October 2018).

Dieler, 2017, Effect of forest stand management on species composition, structural diversity, and productivity in the temperate zone of Europe, Eur. J. For. Res., 136, 739, 10.1007/s10342-017-1056-1

Dirnberger, 2014, A comparison of different methods to estimate species proportions by area in mixed stands, For. Syst., 23, 534

Elmer, 2004, Changes in the decomposer community when converting spruce monocultures to mixed spruce/beech stands, Plant Soil, 264, 97, 10.1023/B:PLSO.0000047776.86805.0f

Fargione, 2006, From selection to complementarity: shifts in the causes of biodiversity–productivity relationships in a long-term biodiversity experiment, Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 274, 871, 10.1098/rspb.2006.0351

Forrester, 2014, The spatial and temporal dynamics of species interactions in mixed-species forests: from pattern to process, For. Ecol. Manage., 312, 282, 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.10.003

Forrester, 2014, Light absorption and light-use efficiency in mixtures of Abies alba and Picea abies along a productivity gradient, For. Ecol. Manage., 328, 94, 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.05.026

Forrester, 2017, Effects of crown architecture and stand structure on light absorption in mixed and monospecific Fagus sylvatica and Pinus sylvestris forests along a productivity and climate gradient through Europe, J. Ecol., 106, 746, 10.1111/1365-2745.12803

Forrester, 2016, A review of processes behind diversity—productivity relationships in forests, Curr. For. Rep., 2, 45, 10.1007/s40725-016-0031-2

Forrester, 2006, Mixed-species plantations of Eucalyptus with nitrogen-fixing trees: a review, For. Ecol. Manage., 233, 211, 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.012

Forrester, 2004, Growth dynamics in a mixed-species plantation of Eucalyptus globulus and Acacia mearnsii, For. Ecol. Manage., 193, 81, 10.1016/j.foreco.2004.01.024

Forrester, 2013, Complementarity in mixed-species stands of Abies alba and Picea abies varies with climate, site quality and stand density, For. Ecol. Manage., 304, 233, 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.04.038

Forrester, 2012, Photosynthetic capacity of Eucalyptus globulus is higher when grown in mixture with Acacia mearnsii, Trees, 26, 1203, 10.1007/s00468-012-0696-5

Forrester, 2010, Enhanced water use efficiency in a mixed Eucalyptus globulus and Acacia mearnsii plantation, For. Ecol. Manage., 259, 1761, 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.036

Forrester, 2011, The balance between facilitation and competition in mixtures of Eucalyptus and Acacia changes as stands develop, Oecologia, 166, 265, 10.1007/s00442-011-1937-9

Franz, 1971

Franz, 1973, Bayerische Waldinventur 1970/71. Inventurabschnitt I: Großrauminventur Aufnahme- und Auswertungsverfahren, Forstliche Versuchsanstalt München, 11, 91

Freese, 1964

Gamborg, 2003, ‘Back to nature’—a sustainable future for forestry?, For. Ecol. Manage., 179, 559, 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00553-4

Gamfeldt, 2013, Higher levels of multiple ecosystem services are found in forests with more tree species, Nat. Commun., 4, 1340, 10.1038/ncomms2328

Gini, 1912

Goris, 2007, Long-term dynamics in a planted conifer forest with spontaneous ingrowth of broad-leaved trees, Appl. Veg. Sci., 10, 219, 10.1111/j.1654-109X.2007.tb00520.x

Grossiord, 2014, Tree diversity does not always improve resistance of forest ecosystems to drought, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 14812, 10.1073/pnas.1411970111

Hardiman, 2011, The role of canopy structural complexity in wood net primary production of a maturing northern deciduous forest, Ecology, 92, 1818, 10.1890/10-2192.1

Harper, 1977

Heinrichs, 2019, Landscape-scale mixtures of tree species are more effective than stand-scale mixtures for biodiversity of vascular plants, bryophytes and lichens, Forests, 10, 1, 10.3390/f10010073

Heym, 2018, A new method to reconstruct recent tree and stand attributes of temporary research plots: new opportunity to analyse mixed forest stands, 25

Huber, 2014, Site conditions and definition of compositional proportion modify mixture effects in Picea abies – Abies alba stands, Can. J. For. Res., 44, 1281, 10.1139/cjfr-2014-0188

IPCC, 2014. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In: Pachauri, R.K., Meyer, L.A., Core Writing Team (Eds.). IPCC, Geneva. <https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/05/SYR_AR5_FINAL_full_wcover.pdf>.

IUSS Working Group WRB, 2015. World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, update 2015: International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. World Soil Resources Reports No. 106. FAO, Rome. <http://www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf>.

Jactel, 2018, Positive biodiversity–productivity relationships in forests: climate matters, Biol. Lett., 14, 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0747

Jensen, 2009, Hybridization between Quercus robur and Q. petraea in a mixed oak stand in Denmark, Ann. For. Sci., 66, 706, 10.1051/forest/2009058

Johann, 1977, Eine neue Jahrringmeßanlage für Bohrkerne und Stammscheiben, Forstarchiv, 48, 24

Johann, K., 1993. DESER-Norm 1993. Normen der Sektion Ertragskunde im Deutschen Verband Forstlicher Forschungsanstalten zur Aufbereitung von waldwachstumskundlichen Dauerversuchen. Proc Dt Verb Forstl Forschungsanst, Sek Ertragskd, in Unterreichenbach-Kapfenhardt, pp. 96–104.

Jonard, 2008, Tree species mediated effects on leaf litter dynamics in pure and mixed stands of oak and beech, Can. J. For. Res., 38, 528, 10.1139/X07-183

Jones, 1959, Quercus L, J. Ecol., 47, 169, 10.2307/2257253

Jucker, 2016, Climate modulates the effects of tree diversity on forest productivity, J. Ecol., 104, 388, 10.1111/1365-2745.12522

Jucker, 2014, Stabilizing effects of diversity on aboveground wood production in forest ecosystems: linking patterns and processes, Ecol. Lett., 17, 1560, 10.1111/ele.12382

Jucker, 2014, Competition for light and water play contrasting roles in driving diversity-productivity relationships in Iberian forests, J. Ecol., 102, 1202, 10.1111/1365-2745.12276

Jucker, 2015, Crown plasticity enables trees to optimize canopy packing in mixed-species forests, Funct. Ecol., 29, 1078, 10.1111/1365-2435.12428

Jüttner, O., 1955. Eichenertragstafeln. In: Schober, R. (Ed.), Ertragstafeln der wichtigsten Baumarten 12-25. JD Sauerländer‘s Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, pp. 134–138, 1971.

Kaneko, 1999, Mixed leaf litter effects on decomposition rates and soil microarthropod communities in an oak–pine stand in Japan, Ecol. Res., 14, 131, 10.1046/j.1440-1703.1999.00292.x

Kelty, 1992, Comparative productivity of monocultures and mixed-species stands, 125

Kennel, 1972, Die Buchendurchforstungsversuche in Bayern von 1870 bis 1970, Forstliche Versuchsanstalt München, 7, 77

Kint, 2006, Silvicultural interpretation of natural vegetation dynamics in ageing Scots pine stands for their conversion into mixed broadleaved stands, For. Ecol. Manage., 223, 363, 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.11.018

Klimo, E., Hager, H., Kulhavý, J. (Eds.), 2000. Spruce monocultures in Central Europe: Problems and prospects. EFI proceedings 33. European Forest Institute, Joensuu.

Knoke, 2008, Admixing broadleaved to coniferous tree species: a review on yield, ecological stability and economics, Eur. J. For. Res., 127, 89, 10.1007/s10342-007-0186-2

Kolb, 2000, Differences in leaf gas exchange and water relations among species and tree sizes in an Arizona pine-oak forest, Tree Physiol., 20, 1, 10.1093/treephys/20.1.1

Konôpka, 2005, Comparison of fine root dynamics in Scots Pine and Pedunculate Oak in Sandy Soil, Plant Soil, 276, 33, 10.1007/s11104-004-2976-3

Korsun, 1935, Zivot normalniho porostu ve vzoroich (Das Leben des normalen Waldes in Formeln), Lesnicka prace, 14, 289

Krakau, 2013, Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

Kremer, 2002, Biologie évolutive et diversité génétique des chênes sessile et pédonculé, Rev. For. Fr., 2, 111, 10.4267/2042/4907

Lebourgeois, 2013, Mixed stands reduce Abies alba tree-ring sensitivity to summer drought in the Vosges mountains, western Europe, For. Ecol. Manage., 303, 61, 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.04.003

Liang, 2016, Positive biodiversity-productivity relationship predominant in global forests, Science, 354, 1, 10.1126/science.aaf8957

Longuetaud, 2013, Crown plasticity reduces inter-tree competition in a mixed broadleaved forest, Eur. J. For. Res., 132, 621, 10.1007/s10342-013-0699-9

Loreau, 2000, Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: Recent theoretical advances, Oikos, 91, 3, 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.910101.x

Loreau, 2001, Partitioning selection and complementarity in biodiversity experiments, Nature, 412, 72, 10.1038/35083573

Loreau, 2001, Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: current knowledge and future challenges, Science, 294, 804, 10.1126/science.1064088

Lu, 2018, Species and soil effects on overyielding of tree species mixtures in the Netherlands, For. Ecol. Manage., 409, 105, 10.1016/j.foreco.2017.11.010

Lu, 2016, Overyielding of temperate mixed forests occurs in evergreen–deciduous but not in deciduous–deciduous species mixtures over time in the Netherlands, For. Ecol. Manage., 376, 321, 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.06.032

Man, 1999, Are mixtures of aspen and white spruce more productive than single species stands?, Forestry Chron., 75, 505, 10.5558/tfc75505-3

Marquard, 2009, Plant species richness and functional composition drive overyielding in a six-year grassland experiment, Ecology, 90, 3290, 10.1890/09-0069.1

Meng, 2006, Preventing crown collisions increases the crown cover and leaf area of maturing lodgepole pine, J. Ecol., 94, 681, 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01121.x

Metz, 2016, Site-adapted admixed tree species reduce drought susceptibility of mature European beech, Glob. Change Biol., 22, 903, 10.1111/gcb.13113

Michailoff, 1943, Zahlenmäßiges Verfahren für die Ausführung der Bestandeshöhenkurven, Forstw. Cbl., 65, 273

Mina, 2017, Multiple factors modulate tree growth complementarity in Central European mixed forests, J. Ecol., 106, 1106, 10.1111/1365-2745.12846

Nadrowski, 2010, Is forest diversity driving ecosystem function and service?, Curr Opin Environ. Sustain., 2, 75, 10.1016/j.cosust.2010.02.003

Niinemets, 2006, Tolerance to shade, drought, and waterlogging of temperate northern hemisphere trees and shrubs, Ecol. Monogr., 76, 521, 10.1890/0012-9615(2006)076[0521:TTSDAW]2.0.CO;2

Nunes, 2013, Aboveground biomass and net primary production of pine, oak and mixed pine–oak forests on the Vila Real district, Portugal, For. Ecol. Manage., 305, 38, 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.05.034

Paquette, 2011, The effect of biodiversity on tree productivity: from temperate to boreal forests, Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr., 20, 170, 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00592.x

Pérot, 2012, Mixture enhances productivity in a two-species forest: evidence from a modeling approach, Ecol. Res., 27, 83, 10.1007/s11284-011-0873-9

Petterson, H., 1955. Die Massenproduktion des Nadelwaldes. Mittlg. der Forstlichen Versuchsanstalten Schwedens 45:1B, Statens skogsforskningsinstitut, Stockholm.

Pinheiro, J., Bates, D., DebRoy, S., Sarkar, D., R Core Team, 2018. nlme: Linear and Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models. R package version 3.1-137. <Https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=nlme>.

Pinto, 2008, Respective importance of ecological conditions and stand composition on Abies alba Mill. dominant height growth, For. Ecol. Manage., 255, 619, 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.09.031

Potter, 2014, Does biodiversity make a difference? Relationships between species richness, evolutionary diversity, and aboveground live tree biomass across U.S. forests, For. Ecol. Manage., 321, 117, 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.06.026

2013

Pretzsch, 2009

Pretzsch, 2014, Canopy space filling and tree crown morphology in mixed-species stands compared with monocultures, For. Ecol. Manage., 327, 251, 10.1016/j.foreco.2014.04.027

Pretzsch, 2017, Individual Tree Structure and Growth in Mixed Compared with Monospecific Stands, 271

Pretzsch, 2016, Tree species mixing can increase maximum stand density, Can. J. For. Res., 46, 1179, 10.1139/cjfr-2015-0413

Pretzsch, 2013, Productivity of mixed versus pure stands of oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and Quercus robur L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) along an ecological gradient, Eur. J. For. Res., 132, 263, 10.1007/s10342-012-0673-y

Pretzsch, 2010, Comparison between the productivity of pure and mixed stands of Norway spruce and European beech along an ecological gradient, Ann. For. Sci., 67, 1, 10.1051/forest/2010037

Pretzsch, 2015, Growth and yield of mixed versus pure stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) analysed along a productivity gradient through Europe, Eur. J. For. Res., 134, 927, 10.1007/s10342-015-0900-4

Pretzsch, 2016, Mixing of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) enhances structural heterogeneity, and the effect increases with water availability, For. Ecol. Manage., 373, 149, 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.04.043

Pretzsch, 2016, Wood quality in complex forests versus even-aged monocultures: review and perspectives, Wood Sci. Technol., 50, 845, 10.1007/s00226-016-0827-z

Pretzsch, 2009, Transgressive overyielding in mixed compared with pure stands of Norway spruce and European beech in Central Europe: Evidence on stand level and explanation on individual tree level, Eur. J. For. Res., 128, 183, 10.1007/s10342-008-0215-9

Pretzsch, 2014, Size-structure dynamics of mixed versus pure forest stands, For. Syst., 23, 560

Pretzsch, 2016, Effect of tree species mixing on the size structure, density, and yield of forest stands, Eur. J. For. Res., 135, 1, 10.1007/s10342-015-0913-z

Pretzsch, 2013, Resistance of European tree species to drought stress in mixed versus pure forests: evidence of stress release by inter-specific facilitation, Plant Biol., 15, 483, 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00670.x

Pretzsch, 2017, Toward managing mixed-species stands: from parametrization to prescription, For. Ecosyst., 4, 1, 10.1186/s40663-017-0105-z

Prodan, 1951

Puettmann, 1992, The dynamics of mixed stands of Alnus Rubra and Pseudotsuga Menziesii: extension of size-density analysis to species mixture, J. Ecol., 80, 449, 10.2307/2260690

Putz, 1984, Mechanical abrasion and intercrown spacing, Am. Midl. Nat., 112, 24, 10.2307/2425452

R Core Team, 2017

Rais, 2015

Reif, 2010, Forest management in times of climate change – synergies and potential conflicts between forestry and nature conservation, Naturschutz Landschaftsplan., 42, 261

Reineke, 1933, Perfecting a stand-density index for even-age forests, J. Agric. Res., 46, 627

Reyer, 2010, Inter-specific competition in mixed forests of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and common beech (Fagus sylvatica) under climate change — a model-based analysis, Ann. For. Sci., 67, 1, 10.1051/forest/2010041

Rudnicki, 2001, Measure of simultaneous tree sways and estimation of crown interactions among a group of trees, Trees, 15, 83, 10.1007/s004680000080

Ruiz-Peinado, 2018, Data platforms for mixed forest research: contributions from the EuMIXFOR network, 73

Sapijanskas, 2014, Tropical tree diversity enhances light capture through crown plasticity and spatial and temporal niche differences, Ecology, 95, 2479, 10.1890/13-1366.1

Scharling, M., 2012. Climate Grid Denmark. Dataset for use in research and education. Daily and monthly values 1989-2010. 10x10 km observed precipitation. 20x20 km temperature, potential evaporation (Makkink), wind speed, global radiation. Danish Meteological Institute (DMI), Copenhagen. <https://www.dmi.dk/fileadmin/Rapporter/TR/tr12-10.pdf>.

Schröder, J., 2009. Kiefer und Eiche in Mischbeständen - Konkurrenz oder Partnerschaft in einer Lebensgemeinschaft? In: Ministerium für Ländliche Entwicklung, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz des Landes Brandenburg (Eds.), Wissenstransfer in die Praxis. Beiträge zum 4. Winterkolloquium am 26. Februar 2009 in Eberswalde. Landeskompetenzzentrum Forst Eberswalde, Eberswalde, pp. 50–59.

Schuler, 2017, From monocultures to mixed-species forests: is tree diversity key for providing ecosystem services at the landscape scale?, Landscape Ecol., 32, 1499, 10.1007/s10980-016-0422-6

Schume, 2004, Soil water depletion and recharge patterns in mixed and pure forest stands of European beech and Norway spruce, J. Hydrol., 289, 258, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.11.036

Schütz, 1999, Close-to-nature silviculture: is this concept compatible with species diversity?, Forestry, 72, 359, 10.1093/forestry/72.4.359

Schwendenmann, 2014, Tree water uptake in a tropical plantation varying in tree diversity: interspecific differences, seasonal shifts and complementarity, Ecohydrol., 8, 1, 10.1002/eco.1479

Spathelf, 2015, Forest management of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in northern Germany – a brief review of the history and current trends, Forstarchiv, 86, 59

Spellmann, 2011, Waldbauliche Anpassungsstrategien für veränderte Klimaverhältnisse, AFZ-Der Wald, 11, 19

Spiecker, 2003, Silvicultural management in maintaining biodiversity and resistance of forests in Europe—temperate zone, J. Environ. Manage., 67, 55, 10.1016/S0301-4797(02)00188-3

Sterba, 2014, Effect of species proportion definition on the evaluation of growth in pure vs. mixed stands, For. Syst., 23, 547

Thomas, 2015, Interaction between Douglas fir and European beech: investigations in pure and mixed stands, Forstarchiv, 86, 83

Thurm, 2016, Improved productivity and modified tree morphology of mixed versus pure stands of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) with increasing precipitation and age, Ann. For. Sci., 73, 1047, 10.1007/s13595-016-0588-8

Thurm, 2016, Mixture reduces climate sensitivity of Douglas-fir stem growth, For. Ecol. Manage., 376, 205, 10.1016/j.foreco.2016.06.020

Toïgo, 2017, Difference in shade tolerance drives the mixture effect on oak productivity, J. Ecol., 106, 1073, 10.1111/1365-2745.12811

Toïgo, 2015, Overyielding in mixed forests decreases with site productivity, J. Ecol., 103, 502, 10.1111/1365-2745.12353

Vallet, 2011, Silver fir stand productivity is enhanced when mixed with Norway spruce: evidence based on large-scale inventory data and a generic modelling approach, J. Veg. Sci., 22, 932, 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2011.01288.x

Vanhellemont, 2018, Species and structural diversity affect growth of oak, but not pine, in uneven-aged mature forests, Basic Appl. Ecol., 27, 41, 10.1016/j.baae.2018.01.003

Weedon, 2009, Global meta-analysis of wood decomposition rates: a role for trait variation among tree species?, Ecol. Lett., 12, 45, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01259.x

Wickham, 2016

Wiedemann, E., 1943. Kiefern-Ertragstafel für mäßige Durchforstung, starke Durchforstung und Lichtung. In: Wiedemann, E. (Ed.), Die Kiefer 1948. M & H Schaper, Hannover, pp. 337, 1948.

Zerbe, 2002, Restoration of natural broad-leaved woodland in Central Europe on sites with coniferous forest plantations, For. Ecol. Manage., 167, 27, 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00686-7

Zhang, 2012, Forest productivity increases with evenness, species richness and trait variation: a global meta-analysis, J. Ecol., 100, 742, 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01944.x

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Forest Ecology and Management

Tập 439

81-96

Thông tin tác giả