Trends and variations of pH and hardness in a typical semi-arid river in a monsoon climate region during 1985–2009

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 23 - Trang 17953-17968 - 2016
Shaonan Hao1,2, Xuyong Li1, Yan Jiang1, Hongtao Zhao1, Lei Yang1
1State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environment Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Tóm tắt

The rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization, along with dramatic climate change, has strongly influenced hydrochemical characteristics in recent decades in China and thus could cause the variation of pH and general total hardness of a river. To explore such variations and their potential influencing factors in a river of the monsoon climate region, we analyzed a long-term monitoring dataset of pH, SO4 2−, NOx, general total hardness (GH), Mg2+, Ca2+, and Cl− in surface water and groundwater in the Luan River basin from 1985 to 2009. The nonparametric Seasonal Kendall trend test was used to test the long-term trends of pH and GH. Relationship between the affecting factors, pH and GH were discussed. Results showed that pH showed a decreasing trend and that GH had an increasing trend in the long-term. Seasonal variation of pH and GH was mainly due to the typical monsoon climate. Results of correlation analysis showed that the unit area usage amounts of chemical fertilizer, NO3 −, and SO4 2− were negatively correlated with pH in groundwater. In addition, mining activity affected GH spatial variation. Acid deposition, drought, and increasing the use of chemical fertilizers would contribute to the acidification trend, and mining activities would affect the spatial variation of GH. Variations of precipitation and runoff in semi-arid monsoon climate areas had significant influences on the pH and GH. Our findings implied that human activities played a critical role in river acidification in the semi-arid monsoon climate region of northern China.

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