Evidence of fish population responses to acidification in the Eastern United States
Tóm tắt
The hypothesis that acidification has reduced or eliminated fish populations in certain areas of the eastern United States was investigated by examining present and historical fishery survey records. The causes of acidification (e.g., atmospheric deposition) were not specifically considered, although instances of obvious alternative explanations (e.g., acid mine drainage, organic acids) were avoided. The number of usable data sets located was small. Trend analyses are severely limited by the lack of high quality historical data. The strongest evidence for fisheries declines associated with acidification is provided by data for the Adirondack Mountain region of New York. In some lakes, fish populations have declined or disappeared; lakes experiencing fishery declines are now acidic. Alternative explanations for changes in fish communities over time were examined. In 49 lakes, some or all fish populations have apparently been lost with no available explanation other than acidification. Extrapolation of these data to the entire Adirondack Mountain region suggests that perhaps 200 to 400 lakes may have lost fish populations as a result of acidification. Streams in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts also had documented declines in fish populations that were associated with acidity; however, the data are fewer and less complete than those for New York. Acidification effects on fishery resources in other regions of the eastern United States are apparently minimal. The extent of the damage to date appears small relative to the total resource.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Altshuller, A. and Linthurst, R. (editors): 1984, The acidic deposition phenomenon and its effects: critical assessment review papers. Vol. II. Effects sciences. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA-600/8-83-016BF.
Anderson, R. and Everhart, W.: 1966, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 95, 160.
Baker, J. and Havey, H.: 1984, Critique of acid lakes and fish population studies in the Adirondack region of New York state. Report to Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR.
Baker, J. and Schofield C.: 1982, Water Air Soil Pollut. 18, 289.
Berg, M. and Bradt, P.: 1984, Macrozoobenthos of three lakes with varying sensitivities to acidification. Page 7 in Abstracts for the 47th Annual Meeting, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Vancouver, BC.
Bradbury, J.: 1986, Arch. Hydrobiol. 106, 203.
Bradt, P. Barasso, D. and Dudley, J.: 1984, Phytoplankton communities in three lakes with different sensitivities to acidification. Page 11 in Abstracts for the 47th Annual Meeting, American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Vancouver, BC.
Brennan, E., Ehrenfeld, J., Faust, S., Fritz, R., Graedel, T., Kish, G., Lord, D., McIntosh, A., Morgan, M., Nelson, D., Reiss, N., Riley, D., Spatola, J. and Tedrow J.: 1985, Acidic deposition in New Jersey: a report to the Governor and Legislature of New Jersey. Trenton, NJ.
Brown, D.: 1983, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 30, 582.
Burdick, G., Harris, E., Dean, H., Walker, T., Skea, J. and Colby D.: 1964, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 93, 127.
Canfield, D.: 1985, personal communication.
Canfield, D., Maceina, M., Nordlie, F. and Shireman J.: 1985, Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 114, 423.
Charles, D.: 1984, Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 22, 559.
Colquhoun, J., Symula, J. Pfeiffer, M. and Feuer J.: 1981, Preliminary report of stream sampling for acidification studies 1980. New York State Dept. Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY, Tech. Rep. 81-2.
Colquhoun, J., Kretzer, W. and Pfeiffer M.: 1984, Acidity status of lakes and streams in New York State. New York State Dept. Environmental Conservation, Report WM P-83(6/84).
Coolidge, P.: 1963, History of the Maine woods. Furbush-Roberts Printing Co., Bangor, ME.
Davis, R., Anderson, D. and Berge F.: 1985, Nature 316, 436.
Dean, H., Skea, J., Colquhoun, J. and Simonin, H: 1979, N.Y. Fish Game J. 26, 188.
DeMaine, A.: 1983, Pond and stream surveys: acidification susceptibility. Performance Report for Project F-20-4-24. Rhode Island Division of Fish and Wildlife, West Kingston, RI.
Dillon, P., Yan, N. and Harvey, H.: 1984, CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control 13, 167.
Elson, P.: 1967, J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 24, 731.
Faust, S. and McIntosh, A.: 1983, J. Environ. Sci. Health A18, 155.
Fowler, D., Van Den Avyle, M. and Hudy, M.: 1984, Fish assemblage characteristics of acid sensitive streams in the Southern Blue Ridge Province. Page 31 in Abstracts of the 114th Annual Meeting of the Am. Fish. Soc., Ithaca, NY.
Godfrey, P., Ruby, A. and Zojicek, O.: 1985, The Massachusetts Acid Rain Monitoring Project A.R.M.: Phase I. Publication No. 147, Water Resources Research Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA.
Guthrie, R. and Stolgitis, J.: 1977, Fisheries investigations and fish management in Rhode Island lakes and ponds. Fisheries Report No. 3, Rhode Island Division of Fish and Wildlife, Providence, RI.
Haines, T.: 1981, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 110, 669.
Haines, T.: 1983, Water Air Soil Pollut. 20, 47.
Halliwell, D.: 1985, Massachusetts Wildlife 36, 10.
Halliwell, D.: 1985b, personal communication.
Harvey, H. and Lee, C.: 1982, Historical fisheries changes related to surface water pH changes in Canada. Pages 45–55 in R. Johnson, editor, Acid Rain/Fisheries. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD.
Hendry, C. and Brezonik, P.: 1984, Water Resour. Bull. 20, 75.
Hunsaler, C.: 1985, personal communication.
Johnson, C.: 1927, Roosevelt Wild Life Bull. 4, 501.
Johnson, D., Simonin, H., Colquhoun, J. and Flack, S.: 1986, Biogeochemistry, in press.
Jones, H., Naggle, J., Young,-R., Kelly, J., Olem, H., Ruane, R., Pasch, R., Hyfantis, G. and Parkhurst W.: 1983, Investigations of the cause of fishkills in fish-rearing facilities in Raven Fork watershed. TVA/ONR/WR-83/9.
Keller, A.: 1984, Fish communities in Florida lakes: relationship to physico-chemical parameters. M.S. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Kerswill, C. and Edwards, H.: 1967, J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 24, 709.
Kimmel, W.: 1985, personal communication.
Kleinbaum, D. and Kupper, L.: 1978, Applied regression analysis and other multivariable methods. Duxbury Press, Boston, MA.
Langdon, R.: 1983, Fisheries status in relation to acidity in selected Vermont lakes. Vermont Agency of Environmental Conservation Report, Montpelier, VT.
Langdon, R.: 1984, Fishery status in relation to acidity in selected Vermont lakes, 1983. Report of the Dept. of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Agency of Environmental Conservation, Montpelier, VT.
Larson, G. and Moore, S.: 1985, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 114, 195.
Leivestad, H. and Muniz, I.: 1976, Nature 259, 391.
Linthurst, R., Landers, D., Eilers,. J., Keller, T., Brakke, D. and Jeffries, D.: 1986, Water Air Soil Pollut. this volume.
Locke, D. and Havey, K.: 1972, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 101, 638.
McGavock, A. and Davis, H.: 1935, A stream survey of the waters of the Monongahela National Forest. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, DC.
Menendez, R.: 1985, personal communication.
Muniz, I.: 1984, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B305, 517.
Olem, H.: 1985, personal communication.
Overrein, L., Seip, H. and Tollan, A.: 1980, Acid precipitation —effects on forest and fish. Research Report 19, Acid Precipitation — Effects on Forest and Fish Project, Aas, Norway.
Pfeiffer, M.: 1979, A comprehensive plan for fish resource management within the Adirondack Zone. FW-P142 (12/9), New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY.
Pfeiffer, M. and Festa, P.: 1980, Acidity status of lakes in the Adirondack region of New York in relation to fish resources. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Report FW-P168 (10/80), Albany, NY.
Retzsch, W., Everett, A., Duhaime, P. and Northwanger, R.: 1982, Alternative explanations for aquatic ecosystem effects attributed to acidic deposition. Report prepared for Utility Air Regulatory Group by Everett and Associates, Rockwell, MD.
Schindler, D., Mills, K., Malley, D., Findlay, D., Shearer, J., Davies, I., Turner, M., Linsey, G. and Cruikshank, D.: 1985, Science 228, 1395.
Schofield, C.: 1965, Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 94, 227.
Schofield, C.: 1973, The ecological significance of air-pollution-induced changes in water quality of dilute-lake districts in the northeast. Trans. N.E. Fish Wildl. Conf. 98-111
Schofield, C.: 1976a, Lake acidification in the Adirondack Mountains of New York: causes and consequences (abstract). Page 477 in L. Dochinger and T. Seliga, editors. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Acid Precipitation and the Forest Ecosystem. USDA Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-23.
Schofield, C.: 1976b, Ambio 5, 228.
Sharpe, W.: 1985, personal communication.
Sharpe, W., Kimmel, W., Young, E. and DeWalle, D.: 1983, Northeast Environ. Sci. 2, 171.
Sharpe, W., DeWalle, D., Leibfried, R., Dinicola, R., Kimmel, W. and Sherwin L.: 1984, J. Environ. Qual. 13, 619.
Singer, R. and Boylen, J.: 1984, Biological field surveys of northeastern acidified lakes. Final Report to EPA/NCSU Acid Deposition Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
Smallwood, W.: 1918, Amer. Naturalist 52, 322.
Smith, D.: 1972, A history of lumbering in Maine 1861–1960. University of Maine Press, Orono, ME.
Thompson, P.: 1970, The first fifty years — the exciting ones. Pages 1–12 in N. Benson, editor. A Century of Fisheries in North America. Special Publication 7, American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD.
Watt, W., Scott, C. and White. W.: 1983, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40, 462.
Winger, P., Lasier, P., Hudy, M., Fowler, D. and Van Den Avyle M.: 1985, J. Environmental Qual., Submitted.