Physiology
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New Insights into Biliverdin Reductase Functions: Linking Heme Metabolism to Cell Signaling
Physiology - Tập 20 Số 6 - Trang 382-389 - 2005
Biliverdin reductase (BVR) functions in cell signaling through three distinct
tracks: a dual-specificity kinase that functions in the insulin receptor/MAPK
pathways ( 25 , 29 , 51 ); a bzip-type transcription factor for ATF-2/CREB and
HO-1 regulation ( 1 , 25 ); and a reductase that catalyzes the conversion of
biliverdin to bilirubin ( 27 ). These, together with the protein’s primary and
secondary...
The Plastic Nature of the Vascular Wall: A Continuum of Remodeling Events Contributing to Control of Arteriolar Diameter and Structure
Physiology - Tập 24 Số 1 - Trang 45-57 - 2009
The diameter of resistance arteries has a profound effect on the distribution of
microvascular blood flow and the control of systemic blood pressure. Here, we
review mechanisms that contribute to the regulation of resistance artery
diameter, both acutely and chronically, their temporal characteristics, and
their interdependence. Furthermore, we hypothesize the existence of a remodeling
continuum t...
Physiological Aging: Links Among Adipose Tissue Dysfunction, Diabetes, and Frailty
Physiology - Tập 32 Số 1 - Trang 9-19 - 2017
Advancing age is associated with progressive declines in physiological function
that lead to overt chronic disease, frailty, and eventual mortality.
Importantly, age-related physiological changes occur in cellularity,
insulin-responsiveness, secretory profiles, and inflammatory status of adipose
tissue, leading to adipose tissue dysfunction. Although the mechanisms
underlying adipose tissue dysfun...
What Determines Blood Vessel Structure? Genetic Prespecification vs. Hemodynamics
Physiology - Tập 21 Số 6 - Trang 388-395 - 2006
Vascular network remodeling, angiogenesis, and arteriogenesis play an important
role in the pathophysiology of ischemic cardiovascular diseases and cancer.
Based on recent studies of vascular network development in the embryo, several
novel aspects to angiogenesis have been identified as crucial to generate a
functional vascular network. These aspects include specification of arterial and
venous i...
Gaseous Modulators in the Control of the Hypothalamic Neurohypophyseal System
Physiology - Tập 30 Số 2 - Trang 127-138 - 2015
Nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are gaseous
molecules produced by the brain. Within the hypothalamus, gaseous molecules have
been highlighted as autocrine and paracrine factors regulating endocrine
function. Therefore, in the present review, we briefly discuss the main findings
linking NO, CO, and H2S to the control of body fluid homeostasis at the
hypothalamic ...
SIRT1: Linking Adaptive Cellular Responses to Aging-Associated Changes in Organismal Physiology
Physiology - Tập 21 Số 6 - Trang 404-410 - 2006
Sirtuins comprise a family of enzymes implicated in the determination of
organismal life span in yeast and the nematode. The mammalian sirtuin SIRT1 has
been shown to deacetylate several proteins in an NAD+-dependent manner. SIRT1
substrates are involved in the regulation of apoptosis/cell survival, endocrine
signaling, differentiation, chromatin remodeling, and transcription. Thus SIRT1
provides ...
Signaling in Muscle Atrophy and Hypertrophy
Physiology - Tập 23 Số 3 - Trang 160-170 - 2008
Muscle performance is influenced by turnover of contractile proteins. Production
of new myofibrils and degradation of existing proteins is a delicate balance,
which, depending on the condition, can promote muscle growth or loss. Protein
synthesis and protein degradation are coordinately regulated by pathways that
are influenced by mechanical stress, physical activity, availability of
nutrients, an...
The mTOR Pathway in the Control of Protein Synthesis
Physiology - Tập 21 Số 5 - Trang 362-369 - 2006
Signaling through mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is activated by amino
acids, insulin, and growth factors, and impaired by nutrient or energy
deficiency. mTOR plays key roles in cell physiology. mTOR regulates numerous
components involved in protein synthesis, including initiation and elongation
factors, and the biogenesis of ribosomes themselves.
Maternal Uterine Vascular Remodeling During Pregnancy
Physiology - Tập 24 Số 1 - Trang 58-71 - 2009
Sufficient uteroplacental blood flow is essential for normal pregnancy outcome
and is accomplished by the coordinated growth and remodeling of the entire
uterine circulation, as well as the creation of a new fetal vascular organ: the
placenta. The process of remodeling involves a number of cellular processes,
including hyperplasia and hypertrophy, rearrangement of existing elements, and
changes in...
Hydroxylation of HIF-1: Oxygen Sensing at the Molecular Level
Physiology - Tập 19 Số 4 - Trang 176-182 - 2004
The ability to sense and respond to changes in oxygenation represents a
fundamental property of all metazoan cells. The discovery of the transcription
factor HIF-1 has led to the identification of protein hydroxylation as a
mechanism by which changes in Po2 are transduced to effect changes in gene
expression.
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