Physiology

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New Insights into Biliverdin Reductase Functions: Linking Heme Metabolism to Cell Signaling
Physiology - Tập 20 Số 6 - Trang 382-389 - 2005
Mahin D. Maines
Biliverdin reductase (BVR) functions in cell signaling through three distinct tracks: a dual-specificity kinase that functions in the insulin receptor/MAPK pathways ( 25 , 29 , 51 ); a bzip-type transcription factor for ATF-2/CREB and HO-1 regulation ( 1 , 25 ); and a reductase that catalyzes the conversion of biliverdin to bilirubin ( 27 ). These, together with the protein’s primary and s...... hiện toàn bộ
The Plastic Nature of the Vascular Wall: A Continuum of Remodeling Events Contributing to Control of Arteriolar Diameter and Structure
Physiology - Tập 24 Số 1 - Trang 45-57 - 2009
Luis A. Martinez‐Lemus, Michael A. Hill, Gerald A. Meininger
The diameter of resistance arteries has a profound effect on the distribution of microvascular blood flow and the control of systemic blood pressure. Here, we review mechanisms that contribute to the regulation of resistance artery diameter, both acutely and chronically, their temporal characteristics, and their interdependence. Furthermore, we hypothesize the existence of a remodeling co...... hiện toàn bộ
Physiological Aging: Links Among Adipose Tissue Dysfunction, Diabetes, and Frailty
Physiology - Tập 32 Số 1 - Trang 9-19 - 2017
Michael B. Stout, Jamie N. Justice, Barbara J. Nicklas, James L. Kirkland
Advancing age is associated with progressive declines in physiological function that lead to overt chronic disease, frailty, and eventual mortality. Importantly, age-related physiological changes occur in cellularity, insulin-responsiveness, secretory profiles, and inflammatory status of adipose tissue, leading to adipose tissue dysfunction. Although the mechanisms underlying adipose tiss...... hiện toàn bộ
What Determines Blood Vessel Structure? Genetic Prespecification vs. Hemodynamics
Physiology - Tập 21 Số 6 - Trang 388-395 - 2006
Elizabeth A. V. Jones, Ferdinand le Noble, Anne Eichmann
Vascular network remodeling, angiogenesis, and arteriogenesis play an important role in the pathophysiology of ischemic cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Based on recent studies of vascular network development in the embryo, several novel aspects to angiogenesis have been identified as crucial to generate a functional vascular network. These aspects include specification of arterial and ...... hiện toàn bộ
Gaseous Modulators in the Control of the Hypothalamic Neurohypophyseal System
Physiology - Tập 30 Số 2 - Trang 127-138 - 2015
Sílvia Graciela Ruginsk, André S. Mecawi, Melina P. da Silva, Wagner Luis Reis, Ricardo Coletti, Juliana Bezerra Medeiros de Lima, Lucila Leico Kagohara Elias, José Antunes‐Rodrigues
Nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are gaseous molecules produced by the brain. Within the hypothalamus, gaseous molecules have been highlighted as autocrine and paracrine factors regulating endocrine function. Therefore, in the present review, we briefly discuss the main findings linking NO, CO, and H2S to the con...... hiện toàn bộ
SIRT1: Linking Adaptive Cellular Responses to Aging-Associated Changes in Organismal Physiology
Physiology - Tập 21 Số 6 - Trang 404-410 - 2006
Dimitrios Anastasiou, Wilhelm Krek
Sirtuins comprise a family of enzymes implicated in the determination of organismal life span in yeast and the nematode. The mammalian sirtuin SIRT1 has been shown to deacetylate several proteins in an NAD+-dependent manner. SIRT1 substrates are involved in the regulation of apoptosis/cell survival, endocrine signaling, differentiation, chromatin remodeling, and trans...... hiện toàn bộ
Signaling in Muscle Atrophy and Hypertrophy
Physiology - Tập 23 Số 3 - Trang 160-170 - 2008
Marco Sandri
Muscle performance is influenced by turnover of contractile proteins. Production of new myofibrils and degradation of existing proteins is a delicate balance, which, depending on the condition, can promote muscle growth or loss. Protein synthesis and protein degradation are coordinately regulated by pathways that are influenced by mechanical stress, physical activity, availability of nutri...... hiện toàn bộ
The mTOR Pathway in the Control of Protein Synthesis
Physiology - Tập 21 Số 5 - Trang 362-369 - 2006
Xuemin Wang, Christopher G. Proud
Signaling through mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is activated by amino acids, insulin, and growth factors, and impaired by nutrient or energy deficiency. mTOR plays key roles in cell physiology. mTOR regulates numerous components involved in protein synthesis, including initiation and elongation factors, and the biogenesis of ribosomes themselves.
Maternal Uterine Vascular Remodeling During Pregnancy
Physiology - Tập 24 Số 1 - Trang 58-71 - 2009
George Osol, Maurizio Mandalà
Sufficient uteroplacental blood flow is essential for normal pregnancy outcome and is accomplished by the coordinated growth and remodeling of the entire uterine circulation, as well as the creation of a new fetal vascular organ: the placenta. The process of remodeling involves a number of cellular processes, including hyperplasia and hypertrophy, rearrangement of existing elements, and ch...... hiện toàn bộ
Hydroxylation of HIF-1: Oxygen Sensing at the Molecular Level
Physiology - Tập 19 Số 4 - Trang 176-182 - 2004
Gregg L. Semenza
The ability to sense and respond to changes in oxygenation represents a fundamental property of all metazoan cells. The discovery of the transcription factor HIF-1 has led to the identification of protein hydroxylation as a mechanism by which changes in Po2 are transduced to effect changes in gene expression.
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