American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism
0193-1849
1522-1555
Mỹ
Cơ quản chủ quản: AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC , American Physiological Society
Lĩnh vực:
Physiology (medical)PhysiologyEndocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Các bài báo tiêu biểu
Adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 expression in human obesity and insulin resistance Adipose tissue expresses tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-6, which may cause obesity-related insulin resistance. We measured TNF and IL-6 expression in the adipose tissue of 50 lean and obese subjects without diabetes. Insulin sensitivity (SI ) was determined by an intravenous glucose tolerance test with minimal-model analysis. When lean [body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m2 ] and obese (BMI 30–40 kg/m2 ) subjects were compared, there was a 7.5-fold increase in TNF secretion ( P < 0.05) from adipose tissue, and the TNF secretion was inversely related to SI ( r = −0.42, P < 0.02). IL-6 was abundantly expressed by adipose tissue. In contrast to TNF, plasma (rather than adipose) IL-6 demonstrated the strongest relationship with obesity and insulin resistance. Plasma IL-6 was significantly higher in obese subjects and demonstrated a highly significant inverse relationship with SI ( r = −0.71, P < 0.001). To separate the effects of BMI from SI , subjects who were discordant for SI were matched for BMI, age, and gender. By use of this approach, subjects with low SI demonstrated a 3.0-fold increased level of TNF secretion from adipose tissue and a 2.3-fold higher plasma IL-6 level ( P < 0.05) compared with matched subjects with a high SI . Plasma IL-6 was significantly associated with plasma nonesterified fatty acid levels ( r = 0.49, P < 0.002). Thus the local expression of TNF and plasma IL-6 are higher in subjects with obesity-related insulin resistance.
Tập 280 Số 5 - Trang E745-E751 - 2001
Unexpected evidence for active brown adipose tissue in adult humans The contention that brown adipose tissue is absent in adult man has meant that processes attributed to active brown adipose tissue in experimental animals (mainly rodents), i.e., classical nonshivering thermogenesis, adaptive adrenergic thermogenesis, diet-induced thermogenesis, and antiobesity, should be either absent or attributed to alternative (unknown) mechanisms in man. However, serendipidously, as a consequence of the use of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) to trace tumor metastasis, observations that may change that notion have recently been made. These tomography scans have visualized symmetrical areas of increased tracer uptake in the upper parts of the human body; these areas of uptake correspond to brown adipose tissue. We examine here the published observations from a viewpoint of human physiology. The human depots are somewhat differently located from those in rodents, the main depots being found in the supraclavicular and the neck regions with some additional paravertebral, mediastinal, para-aortic, and suprarenal localizations (but no interscapular). Brown adipose tissue activity in man is acutely cold induced and is stimulated via the sympathetic nervous system. The prevalence of active brown adipose tissue in normal adult man can be only indirectly estimated, but it would seem that the prevalence of active brown adipose tissue in the population may be at least in the range of some tens of percent. We conclude that a substantial fraction of adult humans possess active brown adipose tissue that thus has the potential to be of metabolic significance for normal human physiology as well as to become pharmaceutically activated in efforts to combat obesity.
Tập 293 Số 2 - Trang E444-E452 - 2007
Phép cộng hưởng từ quang phổ để đo lượng triglyceride trong gan: tỷ lệ phổ biến của tình trạng nhiễm mỡ gan trong dân số nói chung Bất chấp sự gia tăng tỷ lệ bệnh gan nhiễm mỡ không do rượu (NAFLD), các tiêu chí được sử dụng để chẩn đoán bệnh vẫn chưa được xác định rõ ràng. Quang phổ cộng hưởng từ proton định vị (MRS) đo chính xác hàm lượng triglyceride gan (HTGC) nhưng chỉ được sử dụng trong một số nghiên cứu nhỏ. Trong nghiên cứu này, MRS đã được sử dụng để phân tích sự phân bố của HTGC ở 2,349 người tham gia nghiên cứu Dallas Heart Study (DHS). Độ tái lập của quy trình này đã được xác thực bằng cách chứng minh rằng các phép đo HTGC trùng lặp có mối tương quan cao (r = 0.99, P < 0.001) và hệ số biến thiên giữa các phép đo thấp (8.5%). Việc tiêu thụ một bữa ăn giàu chất béo không ảnh hưởng đáng kể đến các phép đo, và các giá trị đo được tương tự khi thực hiện ở thùy gan phải và trái. Để xác định 'giới hạn trên của bình thường' cho HTGC, sự phân bố của HTGC đã được xem xét ở 345 đối tượng từ DHS, những người không có yếu tố nguy cơ có thể nhận diện đối với hiện tượng nhiễm mỡ gan (người không béo phì, không bị tiểu đường, tiêu thụ ít cồn, kết quả xét nghiệm chức năng gan bình thường, và không có bệnh gan đã biết). Phần trăm thứ 95 của HTGC trong các đối tượng này là 5,56%, tương ứng với mức triglyceride gan là 55,6 mg/g. Với giá trị này làm giá trị cắt, tỷ lệ mắc bệnh nhiễm mỡ gan ở Quận Dallas được ước tính là 33,6%. Do đó, MRS cung cấp một phương pháp nhạy, định lượng, không xâm lấn để đo HTGC và, khi áp dụng cho dân số đô thị lớn của Mỹ, đã tiết lộ một tỷ lệ nhiễm mỡ gan đáng kinh ngạc.
Tập 288 Số 2 - Trang E462-E468 - 2005
#gan nhiễm mỡ không do rượu #quang phổ cộng hưởng từ #triglyceride gan #tỷ lệ phổ biến #dân số đô thị #yếu tố nguy cơ #bệnh gan
Quantitative estimation of insulin sensitivity. We have evaluated the feasibility of using a mathematical model of glucose disappearance to estimate insulin sensitivity. Glucose was injected into conscious dogs at 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg. The measured time course of insulin was regarded as the "input," and the falling glucose concentration as the "output" of the physiological system storing and using glucose. Seven mathematical models of glucose uptake were compared to identify the representation most capable of simulating glucose disappearance. One specific nonlinear model was superior in that it 1) predicted the time course of glucose after glucose injection, 2) had four parameters that could be precisely estimated, and 3) described individual experiments with similar parameter values. Insulin sensitivity index (SI), defined as the dependence of fractional glucose disappearance on plasma insulin, was the ratio of two parameters of the chosen model and could be estimated with good reproducibility from the 300 mg/kg injection experiments (SI = 7.00 X 10(-4) +/- 24% (coefficient of variation) min-1/(microU/ml) (n = 8)). Thus, from a single glucose injection it is possible to obtain a quantitative index of insulin sensitivity that may have clinical applicability.
Tập 236 Số 6 - Trang E667 - 1979
AMP-activated protein kinase, a metabolic master switch: possible roles in Type 2 diabetes Adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) now appears to be a metabolic master switch, phosphorylating key target proteins that control flux through metabolic pathways of hepatic ketogenesis, cholesterol synthesis, lipogenesis, and triglyceride synthesis, adipocyte lipolysis, and skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation. Recent evidence also implicates AMPK as being responsible for mediating the stimulation of glucose uptake induced by muscle contraction. In addition, the secretion of insulin by insulin secreting (INS-1) cells in culture is modulated by AMPK activation. The net effect of AMPK activation is stimulation of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis, inhibition of cholesterol synthesis, lipogenesis, and triglyceride synthesis, inhibition of adipocyte lipolysis and lipogenesis, stimulation of skeletal muscle fatty acid oxidation and muscle glucose uptake, and modulation of insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells. In skeletal muscle, AMPK is activated by contraction. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is likely to be a disease of numerous etiologies. However, defects or disuse (due to a sedentary lifestyle) of the AMPK signaling system would be predicted to result in many of the metabolic perturbations observed in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Increased recruitment of the AMPK signaling system, either by exercise or pharmaceutical activators, may be effective in correcting insulin resistance in patients with forms of impaired glucose tolerance and Type 2 diabetes resulting from defects in the insulin signaling cascade.
Tập 277 Số 1 - Trang E1-E10 - 1999
Noninvasive determination of local cerebral metabolic rate of glucose in man A method for the determination of local cerebral metabolic rates of glucose (LCMRGlc) in normal man is described. The method employs [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) and emission-computed tomography (ECT). FDG was injected intravenously as a bolus. Radioactivities in separate brain regions were measured with ECT. Plasma FDG concentration following injection was measured from blood samples. A mathematical model that describes the kinetics of FDG transports was employed to determine the transport rate constants of FDG and to convert the radioactivity measurements to metabolic rates. The model has taken into account the possible dephosphorylation reaction from FDG-6-PO4 (FDG-6-P) to free FDG in brain tissues. Experiments were performed in 13 normal volunteers. The rate constants of FDG in man were found to be comparable to those of deoxyglucose in rat and in rhesus monkey. The average LCMRGlc in gray and in white matter were found to be 7.30 +/- 1.18 (SD) and 3.41 +/- 0.64 mg/min per 100 g brain tissue, respectively. The subject-to-subject variation of LCMRGlc as measured by the present method was comparable to those of other methods that measure whole-brain CMRGlc.
Tập 238 Số 1 - Trang E69-E82 - 1980
IRS proteins and the common path to diabetes Although a full understanding of insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) action is evolving, the discovery of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins and their role to link cell surface receptors to the intracellular signaling cascades provided an important step forward. Moreover, Insulin/IGF receptors use common signaling pathways to accomplish many tasks, the IRS proteins add a unique layer of specificity and control. Importantly, the IRS-2 branch of the insulin/IGF-signaling pathway is a common element in peripheral insulin response and pancreatic β-cell growth and function. Failure of IRS-2 signaling might explain the eventual loss of compensatory hyperinsulinemia during prolonged periods of peripheral insulin resistance. Moreover, short-term inhibition of IRS protein functions by serine phosphorylation, or sustained inhibition by ubiquitin-targeted proteosome-mediated degradation suggests a common molecular mechanism for insulin resistance during acute injury or infection, or the sensitivity of β-cells to autoimmune destruction. The broad role of IRS-1 and IRS-2 in cell growth and survival reveals a common regulatory pathway linking development, somatic growth, fertility, neuronal proliferation, and aging to the core mechanisms used by vertebrates for nutrient sensing.
Tập 283 Số 3 - Trang E413-E422 - 2002
A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly This study was designed to evaluate the effects of enriching an essential amino acid (EAA) mixture with leucine on muscle protein metabolism in elderly and young individuals. Four (2 elderly and 2 young) groups were studied before and after ingestion of 6.7 g of EAAs. EAAs were based on the composition of whey protein [26% leucine (26% Leu)] or were enriched in leucine [41% leucine (41% Leu)]. A primed, continuous infusion of l-[ ring-2 H5 ]phenylalanine was used together with vastus lateralis muscle biopsies and leg arteriovenous blood samples for the determinations of fractional synthetic rate (FSR) and balance of muscle protein. FSR increased following amino acid ingestion in both the 26% (basal: 0.048 ± 0.005%/h; post-EAA: 0.063 ± 0.007%/h) and the 41% (basal: 0.036 ± 0.004%/h; post-EAA: 0.051 ± 0.007%/h) Leu young groups ( P < 0.05). In contrast, in the elderly, FSR did not increase following ingestion of 26% Leu EAA (basal: 0.044 ± 0.003%/h; post-EAA: 0.049 ± 0.006%/h; P > 0.05) but did increase following ingestion of 41% Leu EAA (basal: 0.038 ± 0.007%/h; post-EAA: 0.056 ± 0.008%/h; P < 0.05). Similar to the FSR responses, the mean response of muscle phenylalanine net balance, a reflection of muscle protein balance, was improved ( P < 0.05) in all groups, with the exception of the 26% Leu elderly group. We conclude that increasing the proportion of leucine in a mixture of EAA can reverse an attenuated response of muscle protein synthesis in elderly but does not result in further stimulation of muscle protein synthesis in young subjects.
Tập 291 Số 2 - Trang E381-E387 - 2006
Insulin-sensitive obesity The association between obesity and impaired insulin sensitivity has long been recognized, although a subgroup of obese individuals seems to be protected from insulin resistance. In this study, we systematically studied differences in adipose tissue biology between insulin-sensitive (IS) and insulin-resistant (IR) individuals with morbid obesity. On the basis of glucose infusion rate during euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps, 60 individuals with a BMI of 45 ± 1.3 kg/m2 were divided into an IS and IR group matched for age, sex, and body fat prior to elective surgery. We measured fat distribution, circulating adipokines, and parameters of inflammation, glucose, and lipid metabolism and characterized adipose tissue morphology, function, and mRNA expression in abdominal subcutaneous (sc) and omental fat. IS compared with IR obese individuals have significantly lower visceral fat area (138 ± 27 vs. 316 ± 91 cm2 ), number of macrophages in omental adipose tissue (4.9 ± 0.8 vs. 13.2 ± 1.4%), mean omental adipocyte size (528 ± 76 vs. 715 ± 81 pl), circulating C-reactive protein, progranulin, chemerin, and retinol-binding protein-4 (all P values <0.05), and higher serum adiponectin (6.9 ± 3.4 vs. 3.4 ± 1.7 ng/ml) and omental adipocyte insulin sensitivity (all P values <0.01). The strongest predictors of insulin sensitivity by far were macrophage infiltration together with circulating adiponectin ( r2 = 0.98, P < 0.0001). In conclusion, independently of total body fat mass, increased visceral fat accumulation and adipose tissue dysfunction are associated with IR obesity. This suggests that mechanisms beyond a positive caloric balance such as inflammation and adipokine release determine the pathological metabolic consequences in patients with obesity.
Tập 299 Số 3 - Trang E506-E515 - 2010
Measurement of intracellular triglyceride stores by H spectroscopy: validation in vivo We validate the use of1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to quantitatively differentiate between adipocyte and intracellular triglyceride (TG) stores by monitoring the TG methylene proton signals at 1.6 and 1.4 ppm, respectively. In two animal models of intracellular TG accumulation, intrahepatic and intramyocellular TG accumulation was confirmed histologically. Consistent with the histological changes, the methylene signal intensity at 1.4 ppm increased in both liver and muscle, whereas the signal at 1.6 ppm was unchanged. In response to induced fat accumulation, the TG concentration in liver derived from1 H MRS increased from 0 to 44.9 ± 13.2 μmol/g, and this was matched by increases measured biochemically (2.1 ± 1.1 to 46.1 ± 10.9 μmol/g). Supportive evidence that the methylene signal at 1.6 ppm in muscle is derived from investing interfascial adipose tissue was the finding that, in four subjects with generalized lipodystrophy, a disease characterized by absence of interfacial fat, no signal was detected at 1.6 ppm; however, a strong signal was seen at 1.4 ppm. An identical methylene chemical shift at 1.4 ppm was obtained in human subjects with fatty liver where the fat is located exclusively within hepatocytes. In experimental animals, there was a close correlation between hepatic TG content measured in vivo by1 H MRS and chemically by liver biopsy [ R = 0.934; P < .0001; slope 0.98, confidence interval (CI) 0.70–1.17; y-intercept 0.26, CI −0.28 to 0.70]. When applied to human calf muscle, the coefficient of variation of the technique in measuring intramyocellular TG content was 11.8% in nonobese subjects and 7.9% in obese subjects and of extramyocellular (adipocyte) fat was 22.6 and 52.5%, respectively. This study demonstrates for the first time that noninvasive in vivo1 H MRS measurement of intracellular TG, including that within myocytes, is feasible at 1.5-T field strengths and is comparable in accuracy to biochemical measurement. In addition, in mixed tissue such as muscle, the method is clearly advantageous in differentiating between TG from contaminating adipose tissue compared with intramyocellular lipids.
Tập 276 Số 5 - Trang E977-E989 - 1999