Dietary Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Are Protective Against Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors

Mente A et al (2009) A systematic review of the evidence supporting a causal link between dietary factors and coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 169(7):659–669

Ros E (2003) Dietary cis-monounsaturated fatty acids and metabolic control in type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 78(3 Suppl):617S–625S

Kris-Etherton PM (1999) AHA Science Advisory. Monounsaturated fatty acids and risk of cardiovascular disease. American Heart Association. Nutrition Committee. Circulation 100(11):1253–1258

Garg A (1998) High-monounsaturated-fat diets for patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 67(3):577S–582S

Keys A et al (1986) The diet and 15-year death rate in the seven countries study. Am J Epidemiol 124(6):903–915

Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (2001) Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285(19):2486–2497

Moreno JJ, Mitjavila MT (2003) The degree of unsaturation of dietary fatty acids and the development of atherosclerosis (review). J Nutr Biochem 14(4):182–195

Vessby B (2000) Dietary fat and insulin action in humans. Br J Nutr 83(Suppl 1):S91–S96

Warensjo E et al (2008) Markers of dietary fat quality and fatty acid desaturation as predictors of total and cardiovascular mortality: a population-based prospective study. Am J Clin Nutr 88(1):203–209

Jakobsen MU et al (2009) Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr 89(5):1425–1432

Isomaa B et al (2001) Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 24(4):683–689

Lakka HM et al (2002) The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA 288(21):2709–2716

Grundy SM et al (2005) Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 112(17):2735–2752

Reaven GM (1988) Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37(12):1595–1607

Carr DB et al (2004) Intra-abdominal fat is a major determinant of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 53(8):2087–2094

Tong J et al (2007) Intra-abdominal fat accumulation predicts the development of the metabolic syndrome in non-diabetic Japanese-Americans. Diabetologia 50(6):1156–1160

Ford ES (2005) Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome defined by the International Diabetes Federation among adults in the US. Diabetes Care 28(11):2745–2749

Cameron AJ, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ (2004) The metabolic syndrome: prevalence in worldwide populations. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 33(2):351–375

Grundy SM (2004) Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(6):2595–2600

American Heart Association (2009) Heart disease and stroke statistics—2009 update. American Heart Association, Dallas

Babio N, Bullo M, Salas-Salvado J (2009) Mediterranean diet and metabolic syndrome: the evidence. Public Health Nutr 12(9):1607–1617

Tarrago-Trani MT et al (2006) New and existing oils and fats used in products with reduced trans-fatty acid content. J Am Diet Assoc 106(6):867–880

Kris-Etherton PM et al (2000) Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 71(1):179S–188S

Briefel RR, Johnson CL (2004) Secular trends in dietary intake in the United States. Annu Rev Nutr 24:401–431

Willett WC et al (1995) Mediterranean diet pyramid: a cultural model for healthy eating. Am J Clin Nutr 61(6):1402S–1406S

Perez-Jimenez F, Lopez-Miranda J, Mata P (2002) Protective effect of dietary monounsaturated fat on arteriosclerosis: beyond cholesterol. Atherosclerosis 163(2):385–398

Kris-Etherton PM et al (2007) Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: dietary fatty acids. J Am Diet Assoc 107(9):1599–1611

US Department of Health and Human Services (2010) Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005. http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/document/default.htm. Accessed Oct 2010

Willett WC (ed) (2005) Eat, drink, and be healthy: The Harvard Medical School guide to healthy eating. Simon and Schuster, New York

Reedy J, Krebs-Smith SM (2008) A comparison of food-based recommendations and nutrient values of three food guides: USDA’s MyPyramid, NHLBI’s dietary approaches to stop hypertension eating plan, and Harvard’s healthy eating pyramid. J Am Diet Assoc 108(3):522–528

American Diabetes Association (1987) Nutritional recommendations and principles for individuals with diabetes mellitus: 1986. Diabetes Care 10(1):126–132

Franz MJ et al (2002) Evidence-based nutrition principles and recommendations for the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related complications. Diabetes Care 25(1):148–198

Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus (2003) Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 26(Suppl 1):S5–S20

Johnson GH, Keast DR, Kris-Etherton PM (2007) Dietary modeling shows that the substitution of canola oil for fats commonly used in the United States would increase compliance with dietary recommendations for fatty acids. J Am Diet Assoc 107(10):1726–1734

Mensink RP, Katan MB (1992) Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins. A meta-analysis of 27 trials. Arterioscler Thromb 12(8):911–919

Hegsted DM et al (1993) Dietary fat and serum lipids: an evaluation of the experimental data. Am J Clin Nutr 57(6):875–883

Clarke R et al (1997) Dietary lipids and blood cholesterol: quantitative meta-analysis of metabolic ward studies. BMJ 314(7074):112–117

Mensink RP et al (2003) Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 77(5):1146–1155

Hunter JE, Zhang J, Kris-Etherton PM (2010) Cardiovascular disease risk of dietary stearic acid compared with trans, other saturated, and unsaturated fatty acids: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 91(1):46–63

Mozaffarian D, Clarke R (2009) Quantitative effects on cardiovascular risk factors and coronary heart disease risk of replacing partially hydrogenated vegetable oils with other fats and oils. Eur J Clin Nutr 63(Suppl 2):S22–S33

Archer WR et al (2003) High carbohydrate and high monounsaturated fatty acid diets similarly affect LDL electrophoretic characteristics in men who are losing weight. J Nutr 133(10):3124–3129

Kris-Etherton PM et al (1999) High-monounsaturated fatty acid diets lower both plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 70(6):1009–1015

Colette C et al (2003) Exchanging carbohydrates for monounsaturated fats in energy-restricted diets: effects on metabolic profile and other cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 27(6):648–656

Garg A et al (1988) Comparison of a high-carbohydrate diet with a high-monounsaturated-fat diet in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 319(13):829–834

Rodriguez-Villar C et al (2004) Comparison of a high-carbohydrate and a high-monounsaturated fat, olive oil-rich diet on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 21(2):142–149

Berglund L et al (2007) Comparison of monounsaturated fat with carbohydrates as a replacement for saturated fat in subjects with a high metabolic risk profile: studies in the fasting and postprandial states. Am J Clin Nutr 86(6):1611–1620

Ashton EL, Best JD, Ball MJ (2001) Effects of monounsaturated enriched sunflower oil on CHD risk factors including LDL size and copper-induced LDL oxidation. J Am Coll Nutr 20(4):320–326

Cao Y et al (2009) Effects of moderate (MF) versus lower fat (LF) diets on lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis of clinical trials in subjects with and without diabetes. J Clin Lipidol 3(1):19–32

Lada AT, Rudel LL (2003) Dietary monounsaturated versus polyunsaturated fatty acids: which is really better for protection from coronary heart disease? Curr Opin Lipidol 14(1):41–46

Grundy SM (1997) What is the desirable ratio of saturated, polyunsaturated, and monounsaturated fatty acids in the diet? Am J Clin Nutr 66(4):988S–990S

Harris WS (1997) N-3 fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies. Am J Clin Nutr 65(5):1645S–1654S

Franceschini G (2001) Epidemiologic evidence for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol as a risk factor for coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 88(12A):9N–13N

Hausenloy DJ, Yellon DM (2008) Targeting residual cardiovascular risk: raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Heart 94(6):706–714

Hodson L, Skeaff CM, Chisholm WA (2001) The effect of replacing dietary saturated fat with polyunsaturated or monounsaturated fat on plasma lipids in free-living young adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 55(10):908–915

Ferrara LA et al (2000) Olive oil and reduced need for antihypertensive medications. Arch Intern Med 160(6):837–842

Mutanen M et al (1992) Lack of effect on blood pressure by polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat diets. Eur J Clin Nutr 46(1):1–6

Shah M, Adams-Huet B, Garg A (2007) Effect of high-carbohydrate or high-cis-monounsaturated fat diets on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of intervention trials. Am J Clin Nutr 85(5):1251–1256

Muzio F et al (2007) Effects of moderate variations in the macronutrient content of the diet on cardiovascular disease risk factors in obese patients with the metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 86(4):946–951

Alonso A, Martinez-Gonzalez MA (2004) Olive oil consumption and reduced incidence of hypertension: the SUN study. Lipids 39(12):1233–1238

Psaltopoulou T et al (2004) Olive oil, the Mediterranean diet, and arterial blood pressure: the Greek European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Am J Clin Nutr 80(4):1012–1018

Teres S et al (2008) Oleic acid content is responsible for the reduction in blood pressure induced by olive oil. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(37):13811–13816

Wild S et al (2004) Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 27(5):1047–1053

Bergouignan A et al (2009) Metabolic fate of saturated and monounsaturated dietary fats: the Mediterranean diet revisited from epidemiological evidence to cellular mechanisms. Prog Lipid Res 48(3–4):128–147

Due A et al (2008) Comparison of the effects on insulin resistance and glucose tolerance of 6-mo high-monounsaturated-fat, low-fat, and control diets. Am J Clin Nutr 87(4):855–862

Paniagua JA et al (2007) A MUFA-rich diet improves postprandial glucose, lipid and GLP-1 responses in insulin-resistant subjects. J Am Coll Nutr 26(5):434–444

Shah M et al (2007) Lipid, glycemic, and insulin responses to meals rich in saturated, cis-monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated (n-3 and n-6) fatty acids in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 30(12):2993–2998

Christiansen E et al (1997) Intake of a diet high in trans monounsaturated fatty acids or saturated fatty acids. Effects on postprandial insulinemia and glycemia in obese patients with NIDDM. Diabetes Care 20(5):881–887

Lopez S et al (2008) Distinctive postprandial modulation of beta cell function and insulin sensitivity by dietary fats: monounsaturated compared with saturated fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 88(3):638–644

Perez-Jimenez F et al (2001) A Mediterranean and a high-carbohydrate diet improve glucose metabolism in healthy young persons. Diabetologia 44(11):2038–2043

Vessby B et al (2001) Substituting dietary saturated for monounsaturated fat impairs insulin sensitivity in healthy men and women: The KANWU Study. Diabetologia 44(3):312–319

Salas J et al (1999) The diet rich in monounsaturated fat modifies in a beneficial way carbohydrate metabolism and arterial pressure. Med Clin (Barc) 113(20):765–769

Uusitupa M et al (1994) Effects of two high-fat diets with different fatty acid compositions on glucose and lipid metabolism in healthy young women. Am J Clin Nutr 59(6):1310–1316

Tierney AC, Roche HM (2007) The potential role of olive oil-derived MUFA in insulin sensitivity. Mol Nutr Food Res 51(10):1235–1248

Paniagua JA et al (2007) Monounsaturated fat-rich diet prevents central body fat distribution and decreases postprandial adiponectin expression induced by a carbohydrate-rich diet in insulin-resistant subjects. Diabetes Care 30(7):1717–1723

Brehm BJ et al (2009) One-year comparison of a high-monounsaturated fat diet with a high-carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 32(2):215–220

Thomsen C et al (1999) Comparison of the effects of a monounsaturated fat diet and a high carbohydrate diet on cardiovascular risk factors in first degree relatives to type-2 diabetic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 53(10):818–823

van Dam RM et al (2002) Dietary fat and meat intake in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in men. Diabetes Care 25(3):417–424

Salmeron J et al (2001) Dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Am J Clin Nutr 73(6):1019–1026

Bray GA, Popkin BM (1998) Dietary fat intake does affect obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 68(6):1157–1173

Willett WC (1998) Dietary fat and obesity: an unconvincing relation. Am J Clin Nutr 68(6):1149–1150

Willett WC, Leibel RL (2002) Dietary fat is not a major determinant of body fat. Am J Med 113(Suppl 9B):47S–59S

Field AE et al (2007) Dietary fat and weight gain among women in the Nurses’ Health Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 15(4):967–976

Koh-Banerjee P et al (2003) Prospective study of the association of changes in dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and smoking with 9-y gain in waist circumference among 16,587 US men. Am J Clin Nutr 78(4):719–727

Bes-Rastrollo M et al (2006) Olive oil consumption and weight change: the SUN prospective cohort study. Lipids 41(3):249–256

Bes-Rastrollo M et al (2007) Nut consumption and weight gain in a Mediterranean cohort: The SUN study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 15(1):107–116

Mendez MA et al (2006) Adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with reduced 3-year incidence of obesity. J Nutr 136(11):2934–2938

Piers LS et al (2003) Substitution of saturated with monounsaturated fat in a 4-week diet affects body weight and composition of overweight and obese men. Br J Nutr 90(3):717–727

Kien CL, Bunn JY, Ugrasbul F (2005) Increasing dietary palmitic acid decreases fat oxidation and daily energy expenditure. Am J Clin Nutr 82(2):320–326

Garland M et al (1998) The relation between dietary intake and adipose tissue composition of selected fatty acids in US women. Am J Clin Nutr 67(1):25–30

Baylin A et al (2002) Adipose tissue biomarkers of fatty acid intake. Am J Clin Nutr 76(4):750–757

Garaulet M et al (2001) Site-specific differences in the fatty acid composition of abdominal adipose tissue in an obese population from a Mediterranean area: relation with dietary fatty acids, plasma lipid profile, serum insulin, and central obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 74(5):585–591

Sabin MA et al (2007) Depot-specific effects of fatty acids on lipid accumulation in children’s adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 361(2):356–361

Wajchenberg BL (2000) Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: their relation to the metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev 21(6):697–738

McCloy U et al (2004) A comparison of the metabolism of eighteen-carbon 13C-unsaturated fatty acids in healthy women. J Lipid Res 45(3):474–485

DeLany JP et al (2000) Differential oxidation of individual dietary fatty acids in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 72(4):905–911

Jones PJ, Jew S, AbuMweis S (2008) The effect of dietary oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids on fat oxidation and energy expenditure in healthy men. Metabolism 57(9):1198–1203

Casas-Agustench P et al (2009) Acute effects of three high-fat meals with different fat saturations on energy expenditure, substrate oxidation and satiety. Clin Nutr 28(1):39–45

Friedman MI (1998) Fuel partitioning and food intake. Am J Clin Nutr 67(3):513S–518S

Lawton CL et al (2000) The degree of saturation of fatty acids influences post-ingestive satiety. Br J Nutr 83(5):473–482

Rudel LL, Parks JS, Sawyer JK (1995) Compared with dietary monounsaturated and saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat protects African green monkeys from coronary artery atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15(12):2101–2110

Hegsted DM, Ausman LM (1988) Diet, alcohol and coronary heart disease in men. J Nutr 118(10):1184–1189

Hu FB et al (1997) Dietary fat intake and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 337(21):1491–1499

Pietinen P et al (1997) Intake of fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in a cohort of Finnish men. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Am J Epidemiol 145(10):876–887

Katan MB (2009) Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and coronary heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 89(5):1283–1284

Eckel RH et al (2009) Americans’ awareness, knowledge, and behaviors regarding fats: 2006–2007. J Am Diet Assoc 109(2):288–296

Gulseth HL et al (2010) Dietary fat modifications and blood pressure in subjects with the metabolic syndrome in the LIPGENE dietary intervention study. Br J Nutr: 1–4

Shah M et al (2005) Effect of a high-carbohydrate versus a high-cis-monounsaturated fat diet on blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 28(11):2607–2612

Thomsen C et al (1995) Comparison of the effects on the diurnal blood pressure, glucose, and lipid levels of a diet rich in monounsaturated fatty acids with a diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids in type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabet Med 12(7):600–606

Walker KZ et al (1995) Dietary composition, body weight, and NIDDM. Comparison of high-fiber, high-carbohydrate, and modified-fat diets. Diabetes Care 18(3):401–403

Rasmussen BM et al (2006) Effects of dietary saturated, monounsaturated, and n-3 fatty acids on blood pressure in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 83(2):221–226

Aro A et al (1998) Lack of effect on blood pressure by low fat diets with different fatty acid compositions. J Hum Hypertens 12(6):383–389

Lahoz C et al (1997) Effects of dietary fat saturation on eicosanoid production, platelet aggregation and blood pressure. Eur J Clin Invest 27(9):780–787

Uusitupa MI et al (1994) Long-term effects of four fat-modified diets on blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 8(3):209–218

Mensink RP, Stolwijk AM, Katan MB (1990) Effect of a monounsaturated diet vs. a polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched diet on blood pressure in normotensive women and men. Eur J Clin Invest 20(4):463–469

Mensink RP, Janssen MC, Katan MB (1988) Effect on blood pressure of two diets differing in total fat but not in saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr 47(6):976–980

Vega-Lopez S et al (2006) Palm and partially hydrogenated soybean oils adversely alter lipoprotein profiles compared with soybean and canola oils in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 84(1):54–62

Gerhard GT et al (2004) Effects of a low-fat diet compared with those of a high-monounsaturated fat diet on body weight, plasma lipids and lipoproteins, and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 80(3):668–673

Thomsen C et al (2003) Differential effects of saturated and monounsaturated fats on postprandial lipemia and glucagon-like peptide 1 responses in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 77(3):605–611

Lovejoy JC et al (2002) Effects of diets enriched in saturated (palmitic), monounsaturated (oleic), or trans (elaidic) fatty acids on insulin sensitivity and substrate oxidation in healthy adults. Diabetes Care 25(8):1283–1288

Lauszus FF et al (2001) Effect of a high monounsaturated fatty acid diet on blood pressure and glucose metabolism in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Nutr 55(6):436–443

Rodriguez-Villar C et al (2000) High-monounsaturated fat, olive oil-rich diet has effects similar to a high-carbohydrate diet on fasting and postprandial state and metabolic profiles of patients with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 49(12):1511–1517

Luscombe ND, Noakes M, Clifton PM (1999) Diets high and low in glycemic index versus high monounsaturated fat diets: effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in NIDDM. Eur J Clin Nutr 53(6):473–478

Sarkkinen E et al (1996) The effects of monounsaturated-fat enriched diet and polyunsaturated-fat enriched diet on lipid and glucose metabolism in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Eur J Clin Nutr 50(9):592–598

Parillo M et al (1992) A high-monounsaturated-fat/low-carbohydrate diet improves peripheral insulin sensitivity in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients. Metabolism 41(12):1373–1378

Bonanome A et al (1991) Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effects of a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet vs. a diet high in monounsaturated fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 54(3):586–590

Thomsen C et al (1999) Differential effects of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids on postprandial lipemia and incretin responses in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 69(6):1135–1143

Louheranta AM et al (1998) A high-stearic acid diet does not impair glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in healthy women. Metabolism 47(5):529–534

Joannic JL et al (1997) How the degree of unsaturation of dietary fatty acids influences the glucose and insulin responses to different carbohydrates in mixed meals. Am J Clin Nutr 65(5):1427–1433