Thomas C. Gasser, Ray W. Ogden, Gerhard A. Holzapfel
Constitutive relations are fundamental to the solution of problems in continuum
mechanics, and are required in the study of, for example, mechanically dominated
clinical interventions involving soft biological tissues. Structural continuum
constitutive models of arterial layers integrate information about the tissue
morphology and therefore allow investigation of the interrelation between
structur... hiện toàn bộ
Odo Diekmann, Hans Heesterbeek, Michael C. Roberts
The basic reproduction number ℛ 0 is arguably the most important quantity in
infectious disease epidemiology. The next-generation matrix (NGM) is the natural
basis for the definition and calculation of ℛ 0 where finitely many different
categories of individuals are recognized. We clear up confusion that has been
around in the literature concerning the construction of this matrix,
specifically for ... hiện toàn bộ
Networks and the epidemiology of directly transmitted infectious diseases are
fundamentally linked. The foundations of epidemiology and early epidemiological
models were based on population wide random-mixing, but in practice each
individual has a finite set of contacts to whom they can pass infection; the
ensemble of all such contacts forms a ‘mixing network’. Knowledge of the
structure of the ne... hiện toàn bộ
Edward A. Codling, Michael J. Plank, Simon Benhamou
Mathematical modelling of the movement of animals, micro-organisms and cells is
of great relevance in the fields of biology, ecology and medicine. Movement
models can take many different forms, but the most widely used are based on the
extensions of simple random walk processes. In this review paper, our aim is
twofold: to introduce the mathematics behind random walks in a straightforward
manner a... hiện toàn bộ
Melba Navarro, Alexandra Michiardi, Óscar Castaño, Josep A. Planell
At present, strong requirements in orthopaedics are still to be met, both in
bone and joint substitution and in the repair and regeneration of bone defects.
In this framework, tremendous advances in the biomaterials field have been made
in the last 50 years where materials intended for biomedical purposes have
evolved through three different generations, namely first generation (bioinert
materials... hiện toàn bộ
Almost 30 years have passed since a term ‘tissue engineering’ was created to
represent a new concept that focuses on regeneration of neotissues from cells
with the support of biomaterials and growth factors. This interdisciplinary
engineering has attracted much attention as a new therapeutic means that may
overcome the drawbacks involved in the current artificial organs and organ
transplantation t... hiện toàn bộ
Advanced therapies combating acute and chronic skin wounds are likely to be
brought about using our knowledge of regenerative medicine coupled with
appropriately tissue-engineered skin substitutes. At the present time, there are
no models of an artificial skin that completely replicate normal uninjured skin.
Natural biopolymers such as collagen and fibronectin have been investigated as
potential s... hiện toàn bộ
This paper presents a heuristic proof (and simulations of a primordial soup)
suggesting that life—or biological self-organization—is an inevitable and
emergent property of any (ergodic) random dynamical system that possesses a
Markov blanket. This conclusion is based on the following arguments: if the
coupling among an ensemble of dynamical systems is mediated by short-range
forces, then the state... hiện toàn bộ
Matjaž Perc, Jesús Gómez‐Gardeñes, Attila Szolnoki, L. M. Florı́a, Yamir Moreno
Interactions among living organisms, from bacteria colonies to human societies,
are inherently more complex than interactions among particles and non-living
matter. Group interactions are a particularly important and widespread class,
representative of which is the public goods game. In addition, methods of
statistical physics have proved valuable for studying pattern formation,
equilibrium select... hiện toàn bộ
Nature provides a wide range of materials with different functions and which may
serve as a source of bio-inspiration for the materials scientist. The article
takes the point of view that a successful translation of these ideas into the
technical world requires more than the observation of nature. A thorough
analysis of structure-function relations in natural tissues must precede the
engineering o... hiện toàn bộ