Journal of Separation Science
SCIE-ISI SCOPUS (2000-2023)
1615-9314
1615-9306
Đức
Cơ quản chủ quản: Wiley-VCH Verlag , WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH
Các bài báo tiêu biểu
The recent invention and successive commercial introduction of monolithic silica columns has motivated many scientists from both academia and industry to study their use in HPLC. The first paper on monolithic silica columns appeared in 1996. Currently about 200 papers have been published relating to applications and characterization of monolithic silica columns, including monolithic capillaries. This review attempts to give an overview covering various aspects of this new column type in the field of high throughput analysis of drugs and metabolites, chiral separations, analysis of pollutants and food‐relevant compounds, as well as in bioanalytical separations such as in proteomics. Some of the applications are described in greater detail. The numerous publications dealing with the physicochemical and chromatographic characterization of monolithic silica columns are briefly summarized.
Sáu yếu tố khác nhau liên quan đến quá trình chiết xuất catechin từ trà xanh bằng nước đã được xem xét để đánh giá tác động của chúng đến sản lượng catechin và hiệu quả sử dụng nước. Tổ hợp nhiệt độ và thời gian tốt nhất cho việc chiết xuất catechin là ở 80°C trong 30 phút. Sản lượng catechin cũng tối ưu với kích thước hạt trà là 1 mm, độ pH của dung dịch pha chế <6 và tỷ lệ trà-so nước là 50:1 (mL/g). Về hiệu quả sử dụng nước trong một lần chiết xuất, tỷ lệ nước-so trà là 20:1 (mL/g) cho kết quả tốt nhất; lượng nước sử dụng giảm đi 2,5 lần cho mỗi gram trà xanh. Tại tỷ lệ nước-so trà 20:1 mL/g, sản lượng catechin cao nhất trên mỗi gram trà xanh đạt được bằng cách chiết xuất cùng một mẫu trà xanh hai lần. Tuy nhiên, để sử dụng nước hiệu quả nhất, phương pháp chiết xuất tốt nhất được tìm thấy là một lần ở tỷ lệ nước-so trà 12:1 (mL/g) và một lần ở tỷ lệ nước-so trà 8:1 (mL/g). Do đó, tất cả sáu yếu tố được nghiên cứu đều có tác động đến sản lượng catechin được chiết xuất từ trà xanh bằng nước và hai trong số đó có tác động đến hiệu quả sử dụng nước.
The retention mechanism and chromatographic behavior for different polar analytes under hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) conditions have been studied by application of different mobile phases and stationary phases to various analytes at different temperatures. In addition to the commonly accepted mechanism of analyte liquid‐liquid partitioning between mobile phase and water‐enriched solvent layer which is partially immobilized onto the surface of the stationary phase, hydrogen‐bonding, hydrophobic interaction, and ion‐exchange interactions may also be involved. The predominant retention mechanism in HILIC separation is not always easily predictable. It can depend not only on the characteristics of the analytes but also on the selection of mobile and stationary phase compositions. The objective of this review is to evaluate the potential application of column temperature and mobile phase composition toward improving HILIC selectivity. The functional groups from analyte structures, stationary phase materials and organic mobile phase solvents will be highlighted.
Trà là nguồn chính của catechin, một hợp chất đã trở nên nổi tiếng nhờ khả năng chống oxy hóa. Nhiều nghiên cứu trên người, động vật và
Rigid porous polymer monoliths are a new class of materials that emerged in the early 1990s. These monolithic materials are typically prepared using a simple molding process carried out within the confines of a closed mold. For example, polymerization of a mixture comprising monomers, free‐radical initiator, and porogenic solvent affords macroporous materials with large through‐pores that enable applications in a rapid flow‐through mode. The versatility of the preparation technique is demonstrated by its use with hydrophobic, hydrophilic, ionizable, and zwitterionic monomers. Several system variables can be used to control the porous properties of the monolith over a broad range and to mediate the hydrodynamic properties of the monolithic devices. A variety of methods such as direct copolymerization of functional monomers, chemical modification of reactive groups, and grafting of pore surface with selected polymer chains is available for the control of surface chemistry. Since all the mobile phase must flow through the monolith, the convection considerably accelerates mass transport within the molded material, and the monolithic devices perform well, even at very high flow rates. The applications of polymeric monolithic materials are demonstrated mostly on the separations in the HPLC mode, although CEC, gas chromatography, enzyme immobilization, molecular recognition, advanced detection systems, and microfluidic devices are also mentioned.
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is becoming increasingly popular for separation of polar samples on polar columns in aqueous‐organic mobile phases rich in organic solvents (usually ACN). Silica gel with decreased surface concentration of silanol groups, or with chemically bonded amino‐, amido‐, cyano‐, carbamate‐, diol‐, polyol‐, or zwitterionic sulfobetaine ligands are used as the stationary phases for HILIC separations, in addition to the original poly(2‐sulphoethyl aspartamide) strong cation‐exchange HILIC material. The type of the stationary and the composition of the mobile phase play important roles in the mixed‐mode HILIC retention mechanism and can be flexibly tuned to suit specific separation problems. Because of excellent mobile phase compatibility and complementary selectivity to RP chromatography, HILIC is ideally suited for highly orthogonal 2‐D LC‐LC separations of complex samples containing polar compounds, such as peptides, proteins, oligosaccharides, drugs, metabolites and natural compounds. This review attempts to present an overview of the HILIC separation systems, possibilities for their characterization and emerging HILIC applications in 2‐D off‐line and on‐line LC‐LC separations of various samples, in combination with RP and other separation modes.
For the first time a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method on the basis of an extraction solvent lighter than water was presented in this study. Three organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) were selected as model compounds and the proposed method was carried out for their preconcentration from water samples. In this extraction method, a mixture of cyclohexane (extraction solvent) and acetone (disperser) is rapidly injected into the aqueous sample in a special vessel (see experimental section) by syringe. Thereby, a cloudy solution is formed. In this step, the OPPs are extracted into the fine droplets of cyclohexane dispersed into aqueous phase. After centrifuging the fine droplets of cyclohexane are collected on the upper of the extraction vessel. The upper phase (0.40 μL) is injected into the gas chromatograph (GC) for separation. Analytes were detected by a flame ionization detector (FID) (for high concentrations) or MS (for low concentrations). Some important parameters, such as the kind of extraction and dispersive solvents and volume of them, extraction time, temperature, and salt amount were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factors (EFs) ranged from 100 to 150 and extraction recoveries varied between 68 and 105%, both of which are relatively high over those of published methods. The linear ranges were wide (10–100 000 μg/L for GC‐FID and 0.01–1 μg/L for GC‐MS) and LODs were low (3–4 μg/L for GC‐FID and 0.003 μg/L for GC‐MS). The RSDs for 100.0 μg/L of each OPP in water were in the range of 5.3–7.8% (
Một polyme in dấu phân tử (MIP) đã được tổng hợp và đánh giá để chiết xuất chọn lọc ephedrine từ huyết tương người. Quá trình tổng hợp MIP được thực hiện trong cloform với axit methacrylic làm monome chức năng và alkaloid đích làm phân tử khuôn mẫu. MIP kết quả được áp dụng để chiết xuất chọn lọc ephedrine từ môi trường nước tinh khiết. Tỉ lệ thu hồi khoảng 74% đạt được với MIP chỉ với 7% trên polyme không in dấu (NIP). Một quy trình SPE chọn lọc rất trực tiếp đã được áp dụng thành công để chiết xuất trực tiếp ephedrine từ huyết tương người đã được tăng cường với tỉ lệ thu hồi chiết cao (68%) trên MIP mà không có sự thu hồi trên NIP. Hơn nữa, MIP được sử dụng để chiết xuất chọn lọc các chất dẫn truyền thần kinh catecholamine,
Fundamental studies of the mass transfer kinetics are as essential as those of the retention equilibrium for a detailed understanding of the characteristics and the mechanisms of chromatographic separations. The acquisition of a large amount of reliable experimental data and of meaningful results is necessary for any further progress of our knowledge of kinetics. The main goal of this review is to provide information on the methods used to perform accurate measurements and on the data analysis procedures used for deriving the kinetic parameters characterizing mass transfer in HPLC. First, the general characteristics of several methods of determination of some kinetic parameters are briefly reviewed. Secondly, we give detailed explanations of the experimental conditions of the pulse on a plateau method (i.e., elution chromatography on a plateau of finite concentration or pulse response method) and of the data analysis procedures based on moment analysis. Thirdly, we explain some important requirements for the acquisition of appropriate experimental data and discuss corrections to be applied when deriving several kinetic parameters. Fourthly, we discuss the accuracy of the kinetic parameters derived from the pulse on a plateau method and from moment analysis. Finally, some results concerning the mass transfer kinetics in RPLC systems are demonstrated as examples.
The applications of ionic liquids (ILs) and IL‐derived sorbents are rapidly expanding. By careful selection of the cation and anion components, the physicochemical properties of ILs can be altered to meet the requirements of specific applications. Reports of IL solvents possessing high selectivity for specific analytes are numerous and continue to motivate the development of new IL‐based sample preparation methods that are faster, more selective, and environmentally benign compared to conventional organic solvents. The advantages of ILs have also been exploited in solid/polymer formats in which ordinarily nonspecific sorbents are functionalized with IL moieties in order to impart selectivity for an analyte or analyte class. Furthermore, new ILs that incorporate a paramagnetic component into the IL structure, known as magnetic ionic liquids (MILs), have emerged as useful solvents for bioanalytical applications. In this rapidly changing field, this Review focuses on the applications of ILs and IL‐based sorbents in sample preparation with a special emphasis on liquid phase extraction techniques using ILs and MILs, IL‐based solid‐phase extraction, ILs in mass spectrometry, and biological applications.