British Journal of Psychology
2044-8295
0007-1269
Mỹ
Cơ quản chủ quản: WILEY , Wiley-Blackwell
Lĩnh vực:
Psychology (miscellaneous)
Các bài báo tiêu biểu
From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation Coefficient alpha is the most popular measure of reliability (and certainly of internal consistency reliability) reported in psychological research. This is noteworthy given the numerous deficiencies of coefficient alpha documented in the psychometric literature. This mismatch between theory and practice appears to arise partly because users of psychological scales are unfamiliar with the psychometric literature on coefficient alpha and partly because alternatives to alpha are not widely known. We present a brief review of the psychometric literature on coefficient alpha, followed by a practical alternative in the form of coefficient omega. To facilitate the shift from alpha to omega, we also present a brief guide to the calculation of point and interval estimates of omega using a free, open source software environment.
Tập 105 Số 3 - Trang 399-412 - 2014
Foundation literacy acquisition in European orthographies Several previous studies have suggested that basic decoding skills may develop less effectively in English than in some other European orthographies. The origins of this effect in the early (foundation) phase of reading acquisition are investigated through assessments of letter knowledge, familiar word reading, and simple nonword reading in English and 12 other orthographies. The results confirm that children from a majority of European countries become accurate and fluent in foundation level reading before the end of the first school year. There are some exceptions, notably in French, Portuguese, Danish, and, particularly, in English. The effects appear not to be attributable to differences in age of starting or letter knowledge. It is argued that fundamental linguistic differences in syllabic complexity and orthographic depth are responsible. Syllabic complexity selectively affects decoding, whereas orthographic depth affects both word reading and nonword reading. The rate of development in English is more than twice as slow as in the shallow orthographies. It is hypothesized that the deeper orthographies induce the implementation of a dual (logographic + alphabetic) foundation which takes more than twice as long to establish as the single foundation required for the learning of a shallow orthography.
Tập 94 Số 2 - Trang 143-174 - 2003
A CLASSIFICATION OF HAND PREFERENCE BY ASSOCIATION ANALYSIS An association analysis was made of the responses of young adults to a hand‐preference questionnaire. Many patterns of preference were distinguished and there were no marked differences between adjacent classes. These findings are believed to demonstrate that hand preference is distributed continuously and not discretely. When it is necessary to classify handedness, the preference continuum can be divided at several levels of discrimination. A second study of hand preference and manual speed showed that it is possible to order the main preference groups for asymmetry of manual skill. Some of the problems of studies of laterality are examined as possible consequences of the treatment of a continuous distribution as if it were discrete.
Tập 61 Số 3 - Trang 303-321 - 1970
The location of trait emotional intelligence in personality factor space The construct of trait emotional intelligence (trait EI or trait emotional self‐efficacy) provides a comprehensive operationalization of emotion‐related self‐perceptions and dispositions. In the first part of the present study (N = 274, 92 males), we performed two joint factor analyses to determine the location of trait EI in Eysenckian and Big Five factor space. The results showed that trait EI is a compound personality construct located at the lower levels of the two taxonomies. In the second part of the study, we performed six two‐step hierarchical regressions to investigate the incremental validity of trait EI in predicting, over and above the Giant Three and Big Five personality dimensions, six distinct criteria (life satisfaction, rumination, two adaptive and two maladaptive coping styles). Trait EI incrementally predicted four criteria over the Giant Three and five criteria over the Big Five. The discussion addresses common questions about the operationalization of emotional intelligence as a personality trait.
Tập 98 Số 2 - Trang 273-289 - 2007
INFORMATION, ACOUSTIC CONFUSION AND MEMORY SPAN Immediately after visual presentation, subjects were required to recall 6‐letter sequences. Sequences were drawn from four vocabularies. There were two 3‐letter vocabularies, distinguished by the probability of acoustic confusion within them, and two 9‐letter vocabularies similarly distinguished. Memory span is shown to be effectively independent of information per item, and to depend substantially on the probability of acoustic confusion within vocabularies.
Tập 55 Số 4 - Trang 429-432 - 1964
Memory updating in working memory: The role of the central executive Two experiments are reported which suggest that a dynamic memory updating task, running memory, requires two independent mechanisms — the articulatory loop and a component of the central executive. Experiment 1 shows that irrelevant speech and articulatory suppression impair the serial recall component of the running memory task but not the updating component. Updating memory affects performance independently of the effects of irrelevant speech and suppression. The second experiment produced the same pattern of results with a close to span memory load. These results are interpreted in terms of the working memory model outlined by Baddeley (1986). It is concluded that the updating of working memory in real time is coordinated by a central executive component of the model.
Tập 81 Số 2 - Trang 111-121 - 1990
Standardized or simple effect size: What should be reported? It is regarded as best practice for psychologists to report effect size when disseminating quantitative research findings. Reporting of effect size in the psychological literature is patchy – though this may be changing – and when reported it is far from clear that appropriate effect size statistics are employed. This paper considers the practice of reporting point estimates of standardized effect size and explores factors such as reliability, range restriction and differences in design that distort standardized effect size unless suitable corrections are employed. For most purposes simple (unstandardized) effect size is more robust and versatile than standardized effect size. Guidelines for deciding what effect size metric to use and how to report it are outlined. Foremost among these are: (i) a preference for simple effect size over standardized effect size, and (ii) the use of confidence intervals to indicate a plausible range of values the effect might take. Deciding on the appropriate effect size statistic to report always requires careful thought and should be influenced by the goals of the researcher, the context of the research and the potential needs of readers.
Tập 100 Số 3 - Trang 603-617 - 2009
Real and laboratory gambling, sensation‐seeking and arousal The existence and importance of excitement in gambling, the effects of runs of wins and losses on gambling behaviour and the relationships of both with sensation‐seeking were investigated using samples of students and experienced gamblers in real and artificial gambling situations. Heart‐rate increases, gambling behaviour and events such as ‘stake decision time’ were recorded as subjects played blackjack. Significant differences between real and artificial casinos were found for mean heart‐rate increases over base‐lines, for gambling behaviour and in the relationships between sensation‐seeking, arousal and gambling in the two conditions. Doubt is cast on laboratory gambling as a valid analogue of the real gambling situation. Sensation‐seeking and arousal are discussed briefly in relation to explanations of gambling.
Tập 75 Số 3 - Trang 401-410 - 1984
THE GROWTH OF MANUAL PREFERENCE AND SPEED Hand preference, speed of movement of each hand and vocabulary were examined in a random sample of children aged 3 1/2–15 years. The distributions of preference and relative manual speed were found unchanged during growth. Sex differences in preference and skill indicated that females are more asymmetrical to the right than males. Right‐, mixed and left‐handers were found in binomial proportions in both sexes. A linear relation between degrees of preference and degrees of relative manual skill was demonstrated. The vocabulary distributions of right‐, mixed and left‐handers differed; that of consistent left‐handers was displaced upwards, that of mixed handers spread out to give a significant excess of mixed handers among those of lower IQ. The implications of these findings for the basis of lateral asymmetry and for the relations between laterality and language development are considered. Norms for speed of movement in each hand are given which can be used to assess manual disability.
Tập 61 Số 4 - Trang 545-558 - 1970
DETERMINANTS OF EMOTIONALITY IN RAT An experiment was designed to establish optimum conditions for using Hall's open‐field test of emotionality in white rat. A large (N = 192) factorial design permitted simultaneous evaluation of following components of test which were thought to be productive of emotional responses: size of test arena, intensity of illumination and intensity of sound. effects of pre‐trial shock, food deprivation and sex difference were also investigated. Other variables were strictly controlled. results, principally analysed in terms of defecation and ambulation scores, show that females defecate significantly less than males and ambulate more, that noise is a potent factor in evoking emotional elimination and light less so. Arena size does not affect defecation, but rats run farther in a larger arena. Pre‐trial shock reduces defecation, whereas food deprivation has no significant effect. Interactions are few, and mostly concern sex differences in response. It is concluded that test can yield sensitive indicators of an emotional response, and that this response is susceptible, within limits, to experimental control. implications for use of test are discussed.
Tập 48 Số 1 - Trang 1-12 - 1957