British Journal of Psychology
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EFFECTS OF A SUBSIDIARY TASK ON PERFORMANCE INVOLVING IMMEDIATE MEMORY BY YOUNGER AND OLDER MEN Many practical situations expect a man to seek out and respond to signals, while at the same time remembering which signal is the one now requiring response. Most situations devised by psychologists, on the other hand, examine either reaction to signals without memory, or memory without reaction. A task has been devised in which both functions are involved. It consists of sets of random numbers which are observed through a small slot allowing only a few numbers at a time to be visible. The subject has to cross out particular digits, and has to remember which digit he is seeking at any particular instant. This type of task is compared with a more conventional number crossing task in which the subject has to find all instances of one particular digit, and both types of task are performed with and without an additional auditory distraction. In the present experiment, conducted with groups of young and of old subjects, it was found that the tasks involving memory are very vulnerable to distraction. The older subjects differed greatly among themselves, some being seriously inferior in performance to younger subjects; no such difference in variance appears in the similar task without memory load. When a distracting task is presented together with a main task involving memory, older subjects do very badly at one or the other, whereas young subjects do reasonably at both.
British Journal of Psychology - Tập 53 Số 2 - Trang 189-198 - 1962
Foundation literacy acquisition in European orthographies Several previous studies have suggested that basic decoding skills may develop less effectively in English than in some other European orthographies. The origins of this effect in the early (foundation) phase of reading acquisition are investigated through assessments of letter knowledge, familiar word reading, and simple nonword reading in English and 12 other orthographies. The results confirm that children from a majority of European countries become accurate and fluent in foundation level reading before the end of the first school year. There are some exceptions, notably in French, Portuguese, Danish, and, particularly, in English. The effects appear not to be attributable to differences in age of starting or letter knowledge. It is argued that fundamental linguistic differences in syllabic complexity and orthographic depth are responsible. Syllabic complexity selectively affects decoding, whereas orthographic depth affects both word reading and nonword reading. The rate of development in English is more than twice as slow as in the shallow orthographies. It is hypothesized that the deeper orthographies induce the implementation of a dual (logographic + alphabetic) foundation which takes more than twice as long to establish as the single foundation required for the learning of a shallow orthography.
British Journal of Psychology - Tập 94 Số 2 - Trang 143-174 - 2003
Social cognition: Categorical person perception In attempting to make sense of others, perceivers regularly construct and use categorical representations (e.g. stereotypes) to streamline the person perception process. A debate that has dominated recent theorizing about the nature and function of these representations concerns the conditions under which they are activated in everyday life. The present article reviews this work and considers the automaticity of category activation in person perception.
British Journal of Psychology - Tập 92 Số 1 - Trang 239-255 - 2001
The location of trait emotional intelligence in personality factor space The construct of trait emotional intelligence (trait EI or trait emotional self‐efficacy) provides a comprehensive operationalization of emotion‐related self‐perceptions and dispositions. In the first part of the present study (N = 274, 92 males), we performed two joint factor analyses to determine the location of trait EI in Eysenckian and Big Five factor space. The results showed that trait EI is a compound personality construct located at the lower levels of the two taxonomies. In the second part of the study, we performed six two‐step hierarchical regressions to investigate the incremental validity of trait EI in predicting, over and above the Giant Three and Big Five personality dimensions, six distinct criteria (life satisfaction, rumination, two adaptive and two maladaptive coping styles). Trait EI incrementally predicted four criteria over the Giant Three and five criteria over the Big Five. The discussion addresses common questions about the operationalization of emotional intelligence as a personality trait.
British Journal of Psychology - Tập 98 Số 2 - Trang 273-289 - 2007
DETERMINANTS OF EMOTIONALITY IN RAT An experiment was designed to establish optimum conditions for using Hall's open‐field test of emotionality in white rat. A large (N = 192) factorial design permitted simultaneous evaluation of following components of test which were thought to be productive of emotional responses: size of test arena, intensity of illumination and intensity of sound. effects of pre‐trial shock, food deprivation and sex difference were also investigated. Other variables were strictly controlled. results, principally analysed in terms of defecation and ambulation scores, show that females defecate significantly less than males and ambulate more, that noise is a potent factor in evoking emotional elimination and light less so. Arena size does not affect defecation, but rats run farther in a larger arena. Pre‐trial shock reduces defecation, whereas food deprivation has no significant effect. Interactions are few, and mostly concern sex differences in response. It is concluded that test can yield sensitive indicators of an emotional response, and that this response is susceptible, within limits, to experimental control. implications for use of test are discussed.
British Journal of Psychology - Tập 48 Số 1 - Trang 1-12 - 1957
Understanding the motivational effects of procedural and informational justice in feedback processes Building upon traditional feedback models, this study examined the role of fair treatment in feedback contexts. Structural equation modelling using data from 236 undergraduate students highlighted perceived accuracy as a mediator in the credibility‐motivation relationship as well as a relationship between accuracy and perceptions of procedural and informational justice. In addition, the results showed that the motivating effects of feedback accuracy partially occurred through procedural justice perceptions. Tests of an alternative model also demonstrated the interactive effects of credibility and accuracy on justice perceptions. Overall, this study provides insight into the role of fairness in appraisal processes, as well as how fairness might enhance recipients' reactions to appraisal and, subsequently, the effectiveness of appraisal systems.
British Journal of Psychology - Tập 97 Số 3 - Trang 281-298 - 2006
Decision‐makers are resilient in the face of social exclusion A growing body of evidence suggests that social exclusion impairs people's capacity for active deliberation and logical reasoning. Building on this finding and on the postulate from the dual‐process theory that analytical thinking is essential in order to make good judgements and decisions, we hypothesized that social exclusion will alter judgement and choice behaviour. We tested this hypothesis in three experiments in which social exclusion was manipulated using the Cyberball paradigm, an online ball‐tossing game in which participants either received the ball a fair number of times or were excluded by the other two players. We focused on a range of tasks designed to be sensitive to participants’ ability to engage in analytical thinking and careful deliberation, including the cognitive reflection test (Experiment 1) and a set of anchoring, intertemporal preference, disjunction, and confidence tasks (experiments 2 and 3). Our results unanimously failed to support the hypothesis that social exclusion influences people's judgements and decision‐making. We discuss the implications of our findings for social exclusion theory.
British Journal of Psychology - Tập 109 Số 3 - Trang 604-630 - 2018
Memory updating in working memory: The role of the central executive Two experiments are reported which suggest that a dynamic memory updating task, running memory, requires two independent mechanisms — the articulatory loop and a component of the central executive. Experiment 1 shows that irrelevant speech and articulatory suppression impair the serial recall component of the running memory task but not the updating component. Updating memory affects performance independently of the effects of irrelevant speech and suppression. The second experiment produced the same pattern of results with a close to span memory load. These results are interpreted in terms of the working memory model outlined by Baddeley (1986). It is concluded that the updating of working memory in real time is coordinated by a central executive component of the model.
British Journal of Psychology - Tập 81 Số 2 - Trang 111-121 - 1990
Examination of the bidirectional influences of leisure activity and memory in old people: A dissociative effect on episodic memory The present study examined the relationships between different types of social and cognitive activities and different types of episodic and semantic memory. A total of 794 adult men and women from five age cohorts (aged 65–85 at baseline), participating in the longitudinal B etula project on ageing, memory, and health, were included in the study. The participants were studied over 10 years (1995–2005) in three waves. Recognition and recall were used as episodic memory tasks, and knowledge and verbal fluency as semantic memory tasks. The results, after controlling for age, gender, education, and some diseases, including heart disease and hypertension, as covariates, showed unidirectional effects of social activity on episodic memory on all test occasions (β = .10). Also, episodic memory predicted change in cognitive activity for all test waves (β = .21–.22). Findings suggest that social activity can be seen as protective factor against memory decline. It also seems that episodic memory performance is a predictor of cognitive activity in old people. However, the opposite direction does not hold true.
British Journal of Psychology - Tập 105 Số 3 - Trang 382-398 - 2014
THE GROWTH OF MANUAL PREFERENCE AND SPEED Hand preference, speed of movement of each hand and vocabulary were examined in a random sample of children aged 3 1/2–15 years. The distributions of preference and relative manual speed were found unchanged during growth. Sex differences in preference and skill indicated that females are more asymmetrical to the right than males. Right‐, mixed and left‐handers were found in binomial proportions in both sexes. A linear relation between degrees of preference and degrees of relative manual skill was demonstrated. The vocabulary distributions of right‐, mixed and left‐handers differed; that of consistent left‐handers was displaced upwards, that of mixed handers spread out to give a significant excess of mixed handers among those of lower IQ. The implications of these findings for the basis of lateral asymmetry and for the relations between laterality and language development are considered. Norms for speed of movement in each hand are given which can be used to assess manual disability.
British Journal of Psychology - Tập 61 Số 4 - Trang 545-558 - 1970
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