The renin–angiotensin system in adipose tissue and its metabolic consequences during obesity

The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry - Tập 24 - Trang 2003-2015 - 2013
Maria E. Frigolet1, Nimbe Torres2, Armando R. Tovar2
1Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G1X
2Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, 1Dept. Fisiología de la Nutrición, México, D.F. 14000, México

Tài liệu tham khảo

Phillips MI, Schmidt-Ott KM. The Discovery of Renin 100 Years Ago. News in physiological sciences : an international journal of physiology produced jointly by the International Union of Physiological Sciences and the American Physiological Society. 1999;14:271–4.

Persson, 2003, Renin: origin, secretion and synthesis, J Physiol, 552, 667, 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.049890

Beneteau-Burnat, 1991, Angiotensin-converting enzyme: clinical applications and laboratory investigations on serum and other biological fluids, Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci, 28, 337, 10.3109/10408369109106868

Kuoppala, 2000, Inactivation of bradykinin by angiotensin-converting enzyme and by carboxypeptidase N in human plasma, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 278, H1069, 10.1152/ajpheart.2000.278.4.H1069

Higuchi, 2007, Angiotensin II signal transduction through the AT1 receptor: novel insights into mechanisms and pathophysiology, Clin Sci (Lond), 112, 417, 10.1042/CS20060342

Lemarié, 2010, The angiotensin II type 2 receptor in cardiovascular disease, J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst, 11, 19, 10.1177/1470320309347785

Savoia, 2006, Angiotensin receptor blocker added to previous antihypertensive agents on arteries of diabetic hypertensive patients, Hypertension, 48, 271, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000230234.84356.36

Horiuchi, 1999, Signaling mechanism of the AT2 angiotensin II receptor: crosstalk between AT1 and AT2 receptors in cell growth, Trends Endocrinol Metab, 10, 391, 10.1016/S1043-2760(99)00191-5

Putnam, 2012, The renin–angiotensin system: a target of and contributor to dyslipidemias, altered glucose homeostasis, and hypertension of the metabolic syndrome, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 302, H1219, 10.1152/ajpheart.00796.2011

Kumar, 2012, The intracrine renin–angiotensin system, Clin Sci (Lond), 123, 273, 10.1042/CS20120089

Johnston, 2011, Skeletal muscle myoblasts possess a stretch-responsive local angiotensin signalling system, J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst, 12, 75, 10.1177/1470320310381795

Campbell, 1986, Angiotensinogen gene is expressed and differentially regulated in multiple tissues of the rat, J Clin Invest, 78, 31, 10.1172/JCI112566

Deschepper, 1986, Analysis by immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization of renin and its mRNA in kidney, testis, adrenal, and pituitary of the rat, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 83, 7552, 10.1073/pnas.83.19.7552

Ganten, 1971, Angiotensin-forming enzyme in brain tissue, Science, 173, 64, 10.1126/science.173.3991.64

Bays, 2008, Pathogenic potential of adipose tissue and metabolic consequences of adipocyte hypertrophy and increased visceral adiposity, Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther, 6, 343, 10.1586/14779072.6.3.343

Janke, 2002, Mature adipocytes inhibit in vitro differentiation of human preadipocytes via angiotensin type 1 receptors, Diabetes, 51, 1699, 10.2337/diabetes.51.6.1699

Engeli, 2000, Physiology and pathophysiology of the adipose tissue renin–angiotensin system, Hypertension, 35, 1270, 10.1161/01.HYP.35.6.1270

Van Harmelen, 2000, Increased adipose angiotensinogen gene expression in human obesity, Obes Res, 8, 337, 10.1038/oby.2000.40

Giacchetti, 2000, Gene expression of angiotensinogen in adipose tissue of obese patients, Int J Obes, 24, S142, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801305

Jonsson, 1994, The expression and localisation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme mRNA in human adipose tissue, Blood Press, 3, 72, 10.3109/08037059409101524

Fowler, 2009, Regulated renin release from 3T3-L1 adipocytes, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 296, E1383, 10.1152/ajpendo.00025.2009

Saye, 1993, Localization of angiotensin peptide-forming enzymes of 3T3-F442A adipocytes, Am J Physiol, 264, C1570, 10.1152/ajpcell.1993.264.6.C1570

Shenoy, 1997, Characterization of renin activity in brown adipose tissue, Am J Physiol, 272, C989, 10.1152/ajpcell.1997.272.3.C989

Weiland, 2009, Local formation of angiotensin peptides with paracrine activity by adipocytes, J Pept Sci, 15, 767, 10.1002/psc.1174

Achard, 2007, Renin receptor expression in human adipose tissue, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 292, R274, 10.1152/ajpregu.00439.2005

Takahashi, 2010, Expression of (pro)renin receptor in human kidneys with end-stage kidney disease due to diabetic nephropathy, Peptides, 31, 1405, 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.04.003

Engeli, 1999, Co-expression of renin–angiotensin system genes in human adipose tissue, J Hypertens, 17, 555, 10.1097/00004872-199917040-00014

Kalupahana, 2012, The renin–angiotensin system: a link between obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance, Obes Rev, 13, 136, 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00942.x

Taleb, 2006, Cathepsin s promotes human preadipocyte differentiation: possible involvement of fibronectin degradation, Endocrinology, 147, 4950, 10.1210/en.2006-0386

Xiao, 2006, Cathepsin K in adipocyte differentiation and its potential role in the pathogenesis of obesity, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 91, 4520, 10.1210/jc.2005-2486

Yang, 2007, Cathepsin L activity controls adipogenesis and glucose tolerance, Nat Cell Biol, 9, 970, 10.1038/ncb1623

Crandall, 1993, Identification and characterization of angiotensin II receptors in rat epididymal adipocyte membranes, Metabolism, 42, 511, 10.1016/0026-0495(93)90111-Z

Crandall, 1999, Angiotensin II receptors in human preadipocytes: role in cell cycle regulation, Endocrinology, 140, 154, 10.1210/endo.140.1.6430

Gorzelniak, 2002, Hormonal regulation of the human adipose-tissue renin–angiotensin system: relationship to obesity and hypertension, J Hypertens, 20, 965, 10.1097/00004872-200205000-00032

Jones, 1997, Angiotensin II increases lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 and human adipose cells, Endocrinology, 138, 1512, 10.1210/endo.138.4.5038

Mallow, 2000, Production of angiotensin II receptors type one (AT1) and type two (AT2) during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, Horm Metab Res, 32, 500, 10.1055/s-2007-978676

Juan, 2005, Angiotensin II enhances insulin sensitivity in vitro and in vivo, Endocrinology, 146, 2246, 10.1210/en.2004-1136

Morris, 2005, Effect of dietary carbohydrate source on the development of obesity in agouti transgenic mice, Obes Res, 13, 21, 10.1038/oby.2005.5

Weiland, 2008, Variety of angiotensin receptors in 3T3-L1 preadipose cells and differentiated adipocytes, Horm Metab Res, 40, 760, 10.1055/s-0028-1082041

Benter, 2007, Angiotensin-(1–7) prevents diabetes-induced cardiovascular dysfunction, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 292, H666, 10.1152/ajpheart.00372.2006

Caron, 2003, Angiotensin IV interacts with a juxtamembrane site on AT(4)/IRAP suggesting an allosteric mechanism of enzyme modulation, Regul Pept, 113, 9, 10.1016/S0167-0115(02)00294-X

Keller, 2002, Mice deficient in the insulin-regulated membrane aminopeptidase show substantial decreases in glucose transporter GLUT4 levels but maintain normal glucose homeostasis, J Biol Chem, 277, 17677, 10.1074/jbc.M202037200

Faloia, 2002, Comparison of circulating and local adipose tissue renin–angiotensin system in normotensive and hypertensive obese subjects, J Endocrinol Invest, 25, 309, 10.1007/BF03344010

Massiera, 2001, Adipose angiotensinogen is involved in adipose tissue growth and blood pressure regulation, FASEB J, 15, 2727, 10.1096/fj.01-0457fje

Yasue, 2010, Adipose tissue-specific regulation of angiotensinogen in obese humans and mice: impact of nutritional status and adipocyte hypertrophy, Am J Hypertens, 23, 425, 10.1038/ajh.2009.263

Galvez-Prieto, 2008, Comparative expression analysis of the renin–angiotensin system components between white and brown perivascular adipose tissue, J Endocrinol, 197, 55, 10.1677/JOE-07-0284

Greenstein, 2009, Local inflammation and hypoxia abolish the protective anticontractile properties of perivascular fat in obese patients, Circulation, 119, 1661, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.821181

Oliver, 1984, Local generation of angiotensin II as a mechanism of regulation of peripheral vascular tone in the rat, J Clin Invest, 74, 1247, 10.1172/JCI111534

Giacchetti, 2002, Overexpression of the renin–angiotensin system in human visceral adipose tissue in normal and overweight subjects, Am J Hypertens, 15, 381, 10.1016/S0895-7061(02)02257-4

Anderson, 1997, Visceral fat and cardiovascular risk factors in Chinese NIDDM patients, Diabetes Care, 20, 1854, 10.2337/diacare.20.12.1854

Hajer, 2008, Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity, diabetes, and vascular diseases, Eur Heart J, 29, 2959, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn387

Pausova, 2006, From big fat cells to high blood pressure: a pathway to obesity-associated hypertension, Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 15, 173, 10.1097/01.mnh.0000214775.42103.a5

Iwai, 2009, Role of renin–angiotensin system in adipose tissue dysfunction, Hypertens Res, 32, 425, 10.1038/hr.2009.55

Boschmann, 2001, Metabolic and hemodynamic response of adipose tissue to angiotensin II, Obes Res, 9, 486, 10.1038/oby.2001.63

Kouyama, 2005, Attenuation of diet-induced weight gain and adiposity through increased energy expenditure in mice lacking angiotensin II type 1a receptor, Endocrinology, 146, 3481, 10.1210/en.2005-0003

Iwai, 2007, TAK-536, a new AT1 receptor blocker, improves glucose intolerance and adipocyte differentiation, Am J Hypertens, 20, 579, 10.1016/j.amjhyper.2006.12.010

Henriksen, 2001, Selective angiotensin II receptor antagonism reduces insulin resistance in obese Zucker rats, Hypertension, 38, 884, 10.1161/hy1101.092970

Munoz, 2009, Long-term treatment with an angiotensin II receptor blocker decreases adipocyte size and improves insulin signaling in obese Zucker rats, J Hypertens, 27, 2409, 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283310e1b

Henriksen, 1995, Effects of captopril on glucose transport activity in skeletal muscle of obese Zucker rats, Metabolism, 44, 267, 10.1016/0026-0495(95)90276-7

Jacob, 1996, Effects of trandolapril and verapamil on glucose transport in insulin-resistant rat skeletal muscle, Metabolism, 45, 535, 10.1016/S0026-0495(96)90021-9

Jauch, 1987, Captopril enhances insulin responsiveness of forearm muscle tissue in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Eur J Clin Invest, 17, 448, 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1987.tb01141.x

Torlone, 1993, Improved insulin action and glycemic control after long-term angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in subjects with arterial hypertension and type II diabetes, Diabetes Care, 16, 1347, 10.2337/diacare.16.10.1347

Lastra, 2009, Direct renin inhibition improves systemic insulin resistance and skeletal muscle glucose transport in a transgenic rodent model of tissue renin overexpression, Endocrinology, 150, 2561, 10.1210/en.2008-1391

Marchionne, 2012, Chronic renin inhibition with aliskiren improves glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and skeletal muscle glucose transport activity in obese Zucker rats, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 302, R137, 10.1152/ajpregu.00448.2011

Folli, 1997, Angiotensin II inhibits insulin signaling in aortic smooth muscle cells at multiple levels. A potential role for serine phosphorylation in insulin/angiotensin II crosstalk, J Clin Invest, 100, 2158, 10.1172/JCI119752

Velloso, 1996, Cross-talk between the insulin and angiotensin signaling systems, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93, 12490, 10.1073/pnas.93.22.12490

Tanti, 1994, Serine/threonine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 modulates insulin receptor signaling, J Biol Chem, 269, 6051, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)37568-3

Hirosumi, 2002, A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance, Nature, 420, 333, 10.1038/nature01137

Zohn, 1995, Angiotensin II stimulates calcium-dependent activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, Mol Cell Biol, 15, 6160, 10.1128/MCB.15.11.6160

Chang, 2013, Cycloheximide stimulates suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway, Toxicol Lett, 217, 42, 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.12.002

Emanuelli, 2001, SOCS-3 inhibits insulin signaling and is up-regulated in response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the adipose tissue of obese mice, J Biol Chem, 276, 47944, 10.1074/jbc.M104602200

Ueki, 2004, Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS-1) and SOCS-3 cause insulin resistance through inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate proteins by discrete mechanisms, Mol Cell Biol, 24, 5434, 10.1128/MCB.24.12.5434-5446.2004

Hilton, 1998, Twenty proteins containing a C-terminal SOCS box form five structural classes, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95, 114, 10.1073/pnas.95.1.114

Velloso, 2006, The multi-faceted cross-talk between the insulin and angiotensin II signaling systems, Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 22, 98, 10.1002/dmrr.611

Limor, 2012

McCarty, 2003, ACE inhibition may decrease diabetes risk by boosting the impact of bradykinin on adipocytes, Med Hypotheses, 60, 779, 10.1016/S0306-9877(02)00234-7

Waeber, 1996, Cardiovascular hypertrophy: role of angiotensin II and bradykinin, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 27, S36, 10.1097/00005344-199600002-00008

Beard, 2006, Bradykinin augments insulin-stimulated glucose transport in rat adipocytes via endothelial nitric oxide synthase-mediated inhibition of Jun NH2-terminal kinase, Diabetes, 55, 2678, 10.2337/db05-1538

Imayama, 2006, Telmisartan downregulates angiotensin II type 1 receptor through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, Cardiovasc Res, 72, 184, 10.1016/j.cardiores.2006.07.014

Benson, 2004, Identification of telmisartan as a unique angiotensin II receptor antagonist with selective PPARgamma-modulating activity, Hypertension, 43, 993, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000123072.34629.57

Schupp, 2004, Angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers induce peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activity, Circulation, 109, 2054, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000127955.36250.65

Kintscher, 2005, PPARgamma-mediated insulin sensitization: the importance of fat versus muscle, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 288, E287, 10.1152/ajpendo.00440.2004

Medina-Gomez, 2007, Adipogenesis and lipotoxicity: role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and PPARgammacoactivator-1 (PGC1), Public Health Nutr, 10, 1132, 10.1017/S1368980007000614

Fain, 2004, Comparison of the release of adipokines by adipose tissue, adipose tissue matrix, and adipocytes from visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissues of obese humans, Endocrinology, 145, 2273, 10.1210/en.2003-1336

Funakoshi, 2001, Rho-kinase mediates angiotensin II-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in rat vascular smooth muscle cells, Hypertension, 38, 100, 10.1161/01.HYP.38.1.100

Asamizu, 2009, Angiotensin II enhances the increase in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production induced by tumor necrosis factor-{alpha} from 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, J Endocrinol, 202, 199, 10.1677/JOE-08-0363

Kurata, 2006, Blockade of angiotensin II type-1 receptor reduces oxidative stress in adipose tissue and ameliorates adipocytokine dysregulation, Kidney Int, 70, 1717, 10.1038/sj.ki.5001810

Benter, 2006, Angiotensin-(1–7) prevents development of severe hypertension and end-organ damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with L-NAME, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 290, H684, 10.1152/ajpheart.00632.2005

Santos, 2010, Improved lipid and glucose metabolism in transgenic rats with increased circulating angiotensin-(1–7), Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 30, 953, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.109.200493

Cornelius, 1994, Regulation of adipocyte development, Annu Rev Nutr, 14, 99, 10.1146/annurev.nu.14.070194.000531

Masson, 2011, Cathepsin-D, a key protease in breast cancer, is up-regulated in obese mouse and human adipose tissue, and controls adipogenesis, PLoS One, 6, e16452, 10.1371/journal.pone.0016452

Vassaux, 1992, Prostacyclin is a specific effector of adipose cell differentiation. Its dual role as a cAMP- and Ca(2+)-elevating agent, J Biol Chem, 267, 11092, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)49879-7

Hauner H. Adipocytes as a source and target of hormones: recent developments in adipose tissue physiology. Int Mon on EP & WC. 1996;5.

Saint-Marc, 2001, Angiotensin II as a trophic factor of white adipose tissue: stimulation of adipose cell formation, Endocrinology, 142, 487, 10.1210/endo.142.1.7883

Fuentes, 2010, The anti-adipogenic effect of angiotensin II on human preadipose cells involves ERK1,2 activation and PPARG phosphorylation, J Endocrinol, 206, 75, 10.1677/JOE-10-0049

Darimont, 1994, Differentiation of preadipose cells: paracrine role of prostacyclin upon stimulation of adipose cells by angiotensin-II, Endocrinology, 135, 2030, 10.1210/endo.135.5.7956925

Iwai, 2009, AT2 receptor deficiency attenuates adipocyte differentiation and decreases adipocyte number in atherosclerotic mice, Am J Hypertens, 22, 784, 10.1038/ajh.2009.85

Strazzullo, 2004, Impact of the renin–angiotensin system on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens, 13, 325, 10.1097/00041552-200405000-00010

Ailhaud, 2002, Angiotensinogen, adipocyte differentiation and fat mass enlargement, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 5, 385, 10.1097/00075197-200207000-00006

Tomono, 2008, Blockade of AT1 receptor improves adipocyte differentiation in atherosclerotic and diabetic models, Am J Hypertens, 21, 206, 10.1038/ajh.2007.50

Zorad, 2006, Long-term angiotensin II AT1 receptor inhibition produces adipose tissue hypotrophy accompanied by increased expression of adiponectin and PPARgamma, Eur J Pharmacol, 552, 112, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.08.062

Cassis, 1996, Characterization and regulation of angiotensin II receptors in rat adipose tissue. Angiotensin receptors in adipose tissue, Adv Exp Med Biol, 396, 39, 10.1007/978-1-4899-1376-0_5

Kalupahana, 2012, Overproduction of angiotensinogen from adipose tissue induces adipose inflammation, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance, Obesity (Silver Spring), 20, 48, 10.1038/oby.2011.299

Yvan-Charvet, 2009, Deficiency of angiotensin type 2 receptor rescues obesity but not hypertension induced by overexpression of angiotensinogen in adipose tissue, Endocrinology, 150, 1421, 10.1210/en.2008-1120

Carroll, 2013, Angiotensinogen gene silencing reduces markers of lipid accumulation and inflammation in cultured adipocytes, Front Endocrinol, 4, 10, 10.3389/fendo.2013.00010

Jurewicz, 2007, Human T and natural killer cells possess a functional renin–angiotensin system: further mechanisms of angiotensin II-induced inflammation, J Am Soc Nephrol, 18, 1093, 10.1681/ASN.2006070707

Skurk, 2004, Angiotensin II stimulates the release of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 from cultured human adipocytes by activation of NF-kappaB, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 24, 1199, 10.1161/01.ATV.0000131266.38312.2e

Tsuchiya, 2006, Angiotensin II induces monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression via a nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent pathway in rat preadipocytes, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 291, E771, 10.1152/ajpendo.00560.2005

Fujisaka, 2011, Telmisartan improves insulin resistance and modulates adipose tissue macrophage polarization in high-fat-fed mice, Endocrinology, 152, 1789, 10.1210/en.2010-1312

Cole, 2010, Valsartan protects pancreatic islets and adipose tissue from the inflammatory and metabolic consequences of a high-fat diet in mice, Hypertension, 55, 715, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.148049

Chabrashvili, 2003, Effects of ANG II type 1 and 2 receptors on oxidative stress, renal NADPH oxidase, and SOD expression, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 285, R117, 10.1152/ajpregu.00476.2002

Hussein, 2002, Valsartan therapy has additive anti-oxidative effect to that of fluvastatin therapy against low-density lipoprotein oxidation: studies in hypercholesterolemic and hypertensive patients, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 40, 28, 10.1097/00005344-200207000-00004

Mervaala, 2001, Endothelial dysfunction and xanthine oxidoreductase activity in rats with human renin and angiotensinogen genes, Hypertension, 37, 414, 10.1161/01.HYP.37.2.414

Chou, 2011, Aliskiren prevents and ameliorates metabolic syndrome in fructose-fed rats, Arch Med Sci, 7, 882, 10.5114/aoms.2011.25566

Ishibashi, 2007, The vascular renin–angiotensin system as a possible source of vascular inflammation in fructose-fed rats, Hypertens Res, 30, 375, 10.1291/hypres.30.375

Iyer, 1996, Changes in angiotensin AT1 receptor density during hypertension in fructose-fed rats, Adv Exp Med Biol, 396, 49, 10.1007/978-1-4899-1376-0_6

Nyby, 2007, Vascular angiotensin type 1 receptor expression is associated with vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation in fructose-fed rats, Hypertens Res, 30, 451, 10.1291/hypres.30.451

Shinozaki, 2004, Evidence for a causal role of the renin–angiotensin system in vascular dysfunction associated with insulin resistance, Hypertension, 43, 255, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000111136.86976.26

Pachori, 2001, The future of hypertension therapy: sense, antisense, or nonsense?, Hypertension, 37, 357, 10.1161/01.HYP.37.2.357

Giani, 2009, Chronic infusion of angiotensin-(1–7) improves insulin resistance and hypertension induced by a high-fructose diet in rats, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 296, E262, 10.1152/ajpendo.90678.2008

Giacchetti, 2000, The tissue renin–angiotensin system in rats with fructose-induced hypertension: overexpression of type 1 angiotensin II receptor in adipose tissue, J Hypertens, 18, 695, 10.1097/00004872-200018060-00006

Furuhashi, 2004, Blockade of the renin–angiotensin system decreases adipocyte size with improvement in insulin sensitivity, J Hypertens, 22, 1977, 10.1097/00004872-200410000-00021

Noriega-Lopez, 2007, Pancreatic insulin secretion in rats fed a soy protein high fat diet depends on the interaction between the amino acid pattern and isoflavones, J Biol Chem, 282, 20657, 10.1074/jbc.M701045200

Palacios-Gonzalez, 2011, Genistein stimulates AMPK phosphorylation and expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle, FASEB J, 25, 772

Tovar, 2005, Soy protein reduces hepatic lipotoxicity in hyperinsulinemic obese Zucker fa/fa rats, J Lipid Res, 46, 1823, 10.1194/jlr.M500067-JLR200

Vasdev, 2010, Antihypertensive effects of dietary protein and its mechanism, Int J Angiol, 19, e7, 10.1055/s-0031-1278362

Frigolet, 2012, Soya protein attenuates abnormalities of the renin–angiotensin system in adipose tissue from obese rats, Br J Nutr, 107, 36, 10.1017/S0007114511002595

Lo, 2005, Angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides from in vitro pepsin-pancreatin digestion of soy protein, J Agric Food Chem, 53, 3369, 10.1021/jf048174d

Ma, 2011, Angiotensin type 1 receptor modulates macrophage polarization and renal injury in obesity, Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 300, F1203, 10.1152/ajprenal.00468.2010

Massiera, 2001, Angiotensinogen-deficient mice exhibit impairment of diet-induced weight gain with alteration in adipose tissue development and increased locomotor activity, Endocrinology, 142, 5220, 10.1210/endo.142.12.8556

Boustany, 2004, Activation of the systemic and adipose renin–angiotensin system in rats with diet-induced obesity and hypertension, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 287, R943, 10.1152/ajpregu.00265.2004

Gupte, 2008, ACE2 is expressed in mouse adipocytes and regulated by a high-fat diet, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 295, R781, 10.1152/ajpregu.00183.2008

Tian, 2012, Effects of pioglitazone on high-fat-diet-induced ventricular remodeling and dysfunction in rats, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther, 17, 223, 10.1177/1074248411423022

Boustany, 2005, AT1-receptor antagonism reverses the blood pressure elevation associated with diet-induced obesity, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 289, R181, 10.1152/ajpregu.00507.2004

de las Heras, 2009, The protective effect of irbesartan in rats fed a high fat diet is associated with modification of leptin-adiponectin imbalance, J Hypertens Suppl, 27, S37, 10.1097/01.hjh.0000358836.64052.43

Stucchi, 2009, Aliskiren reduces body-weight gain, adiposity and plasma leptin during diet-induced obesity, Br J Pharmacol, 158, 771, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00355.x

Weisinger, 2009, Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition lowers body weight and improves glucose tolerance in C57BL/6J mice maintained on a high fat diet, Physiol Behav, 98, 192, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.05.009

Chung, 2010, Tempol or candesartan prevents high-fat diet-induced hypertension and renal damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 25, 389, 10.1093/ndt/gfp472

Li, 2012, Prevalence and risk factors of prolonged QTc interval among Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes, Exp Diabetes Res, 2012, 234084, 10.1155/2012/234084

Vinh, 2008, Chronic angiotensin IV treatment reverses endothelial dysfunction in ApoE-deficient mice, Cardiovasc Res, 77, 178, 10.1093/cvr/cvm021

Northcott, 2012, The development of hypertension and hyperaldosteronism in a rodent model of life-long obesity, Endocrinology, 153, 1764, 10.1210/en.2011-1176

Takeda, 2013, Loss of ACE2 exaggerates high-calorie diet-induced insulin resistance by reduction of GLUT4 in mice, Diabetes, 62, 223, 10.2337/db12-0177

Kurukulasuriya, 2008, Hypertension in obesity, Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 37, 647, 10.1016/j.ecl.2008.06.002

Engler, 1992, Dietary gamma-linolenic acid lowers blood pressure and alters aortic reactivity and cholesterol metabolism in hypertension, J Hypertens, 10, 1197, 10.1097/00004872-199210000-00013

Engler, 1998, Effects of dietary gamma-linolenic acid on blood pressure and adrenal angiotensin receptors in hypertensive rats, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 218, 234, 10.3181/00379727-218-44292

Jayasooriya, 2008, Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation reduces hypertension in TGR(mRen-2)27 rats, Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 78, 67, 10.1016/j.plefa.2007.11.001

Wyrwoll, 2007, Developmental programming of renal glucocorticoid sensitivity and the renin–angiotensin system, Hypertension, 50, 579, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.091603

DeClercq, 2012, Isomer-specific effects of conjugated linoleic acid on blood pressure, adipocyte size and function, Br J Nutr, 107, 1413, 10.1017/S0007114511004612

Ferraro, 2009, Combined treatment with renin–angiotensin system blockers and polyunsaturated fatty acids in proteinuric IgA nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial, Nephrol Dial Transplant, 24, 156, 10.1093/ndt/gfn454

Pinterova, 2001, Elevated AT1 receptor protein but lower angiotensin II-binding in adipose tissue of rats with monosodium glutamate-induced obesity, Horm Metab Res, 33, 708, 10.1055/s-2001-19132

Samuel, 2012, High Na intake increases renal angiotensin II levels and reduces expression of the ACE2-AT(2)R-MasR axis in obese Zucker rats, Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 303, F412, 10.1152/ajprenal.00097.2012

Huang, 2013, Bioactive natural constituents from food sources-potential use in hypertension prevention and treatment, Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 53, 615, 10.1080/10408398.2010.550071

Steckelings, 2009, The evolving story of the RAAS in hypertension, diabetes and CV disease: moving from macrovascular to microvascular targets, Fundam Clin Pharmacol, 23, 693, 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00780.x

Kalupahana, 2012, The adipose tissue renin–angiotensin system and metabolic disorders: a review of molecular mechanisms, Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol, 47, 379, 10.3109/10409238.2012.694843

Kramer, 2005, Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphisms and obesity: an examination of three black populations, Obes Res, 13, 823, 10.1038/oby.2005.94

Strazzullo, 2003, Genetic variation in the renin–angiotensin system and abdominal adiposity in men: the Olivetti Prospective Heart Study, Ann Intern Med, 138, 17, 10.7326/0003-4819-138-1-200301070-00007

Engeli, 2005, Weight loss and the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, Hypertension, 45, 356, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000154361.47683.d3

Campbell, 1995, Effects of losartan on angiotensin and bradykinin peptides and angiotensin-converting enzyme, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 26, 233, 10.1097/00005344-199508000-00009

Setoguchi, 2002, Effects of chronic administration of sarpogrelate on systolic blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats: comparison with quinapril, Pharmacology, 64, 71, 10.1159/000056153

Yiannikouris, 2012, Adipocyte deficiency of angiotensinogen prevents obesity-induced hypertension in male mice, Hypertension, 60, 1524, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.192690

Hall, 1999, Mechanisms of hypertension and kidney disease in obesity, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 892, 91, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07788.x

de Paula, 2004, Aldosterone antagonism attenuates obesity-induced hypertension and glomerular hyperfiltration, Hypertension, 43, 41, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000105624.68174.00

Reisin, 1997, Lisinopril versus hydrochlorothiazide in obese hypertensive patients: a multicenter placebo-controlled trial. Treatment in Obese Patients With Hypertension (TROPHY) Study Group, Hypertension, 30, 140, 10.1161/01.HYP.30.1.140

Vermes, 2003, Enalapril reduces the incidence of diabetes in patients with chronic heart failure: insight from the Studies Of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD), Circulation, 107, 1291, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000054611.89228.92

Nagel, 2006, The effect of telmisartan on glucose and lipid metabolism in nondiabetic, insulin-resistant subjects, Metabolism, 55, 1149, 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.04.011

Steen, 1999, Interactions of exercise training and ACE inhibition on insulin action in obese Zucker rats, J Appl Physiol, 86, 2044, 10.1152/jappl.1999.86.6.2044

Frederich, 1992, Tissue-specific nutritional regulation of angiotensinogen in adipose tissue, Hypertension, 19, 339, 10.1161/01.HYP.19.4.339

Hainault, 2002, Adipose tissue-specific increase in angiotensinogen expression and secretion in the obese (fa/fa) Zucker rat, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 282, E59, 10.1152/ajpendo.2002.282.1.E59

Lu, 2007, Angiotensin II increases adipose angiotensinogen expression, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 292, E1280, 10.1152/ajpendo.00277.2006

Skurk, 2001, Angiotensin II and its metabolites stimulate PAI-1 protein release from human adipocytes in primary culture, Hypertension, 37, 1336, 10.1161/01.HYP.37.5.1336

Skurk, 2005, Angiotensin II promotes leptin production in cultured human fat cells by an ERK1/2-dependent pathway, Obes Res, 13, 969, 10.1038/oby.2005.113

Shek, 1998, Chronic leptin infusion increases arterial pressure, Hypertension, 31, 409, 10.1161/01.HYP.31.1.409

de Chantemele EJ, 2011, Impact of leptin-mediated sympatho-activation on cardiovascular function in obese mice, Hypertension, 58, 271, 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.168427

Quehenberger, 2002, Leptin induces endothelin-1 in endothelial cells in vitro, Circ Res, 90, 711, 10.1161/01.RES.0000014226.74709.90

Adamczak, 2003, Decreased plasma adiponectin concentration in patients with essential hypertension, Am J Hypertens, 16, 72, 10.1016/S0895-7061(02)03197-7

Francischetti, 2007, Hypoadiponectinemia is associated with blood pressure increase in obese insulin-resistant individuals, Metabolism, 56, 1464, 10.1016/j.metabol.2007.06.011

Iwashima, 2004, Hypoadiponectinemia is an independent risk factor for hypertension, Hypertension, 43, 1318, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000129281.03801.4b

Clasen, 2005, PPARgamma-activating angiotensin type-1 receptor blockers induce adiponectin, Hypertension, 46, 137, 10.1161/01.HYP.0000168046.19884.6a

Chen, 2003, Adiponectin stimulates production of nitric oxide in vascular endothelial cells, J Biol Chem, 278, 45021, 10.1074/jbc.M307878200

Motoshima, 2004, Adiponectin suppresses proliferation and superoxide generation and enhances eNOS activity in endothelial cells treated with oxidized LDL, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 315, 264, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.049

Grekin, 1995, Pressor effects of portal venous oleate infusion. A proposed mechanism for obesity hypertension, Hypertension, 26, 193, 10.1161/01.HYP.26.1.193

Boden, 2002, Free fatty acids in obesity and type 2 diabetes: defining their role in the development of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction, Eur J Clin Invest, 32, 14, 10.1046/j.1365-2362.32.s3.3.x

Safonova, 1997, Regulation by fatty acids of angiotensinogen gene expression in preadipose cells, Biochem J, 322, 235, 10.1042/bj3220235

Sarafidis, 2007, Non-esterified fatty acids and blood pressure elevation: a mechanism for hypertension in subjects with obesity/insulin resistance?, J Hum Hypertens, 21, 12, 10.1038/sj.jhh.1002103

Bujalska, 1997, Does central obesity reflect “Cushing's disease of the omentum”?, Lancet, 349, 1210, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)11222-8

Ferrari, 2000, The role of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 in human hypertension, J Hypertens, 18, 241, 10.1097/00004872-200018030-00001

Masuzaki, 2003, Transgenic amplification of glucocorticoid action in adipose tissue causes high blood pressure in mice, J Clin Invest, 112, 83, 10.1172/JCI17845