The influence of interferon on healthy and diseased skin

Ivashkiv, 2014, Regulation of type I interferon responses, Nat. Rev. Immunol., 14, 36, 10.1038/nri3581

Gad, 2009, Interferon-lambda is functionally an interferon but structurally related to the interleukin-10 family, J. Biol. Chem., 284, 20869, 10.1074/jbc.M109.002923

Gibbert, 2013, IFN-α subtypes: distinct biological activities in anti-viral therapy, Br. J. Pharmacol., 168, 1048, 10.1111/bph.12010

Alexiades-Armenakas, 2003, Tumid lupus erythematosus: criteria for classification with immunohistochemical analysis, Arthritis Rheum., 49, 494, 10.1002/art.11206

Levy, 2002, Stats: transcriptional control and biological impact, Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 3, 651, 10.1038/nrm909

Sarkar, 2018, Photosensitivity and type I IFN responses in cutaneous lupus are driven by epidermal derived interferon kappa, Ann. Rheum. Dis., 77, 1653, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213197

LaFleur, 2001, Interferon-κ, a novel type I interferon expressed in human keratinocytes, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 39765, 10.1074/jbc.M102502200

Bernard, 2015, Human keratinocytes restrict chikungunya virus replication at a post-fusion step, Virology, 476, 1, 10.1016/j.virol.2014.11.013

Macal, 2016, CD28 deficiency enhances type I IFN production by murine plasmacytoid dendritic cells, J. Immunol., 196, 1900, 10.4049/jimmunol.1501658

Renn, 2006, TLR activation of Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells triggers an antiviral immune response, J. Immunol., 177, 298, 10.4049/jimmunol.177.1.298

Sontheimer, 2017, Ultraviolet B irradiation causes stimulator of interferon genes-dependent production of protective type I interferon in mouse skin by recruited inflammatory monocytes, Arthritis Rheumatol., 69, 826, 10.1002/art.39987

van Boxel-Dezaire, 2010, Major differences in the responses of primary human leukocyte subsets to IFN-beta, J. Immunol., 185, 5888, 10.4049/jimmunol.0902314

Baker, 2003, Normal keratinocytes express Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 1, 2 and 5: modulation of TLR expression in chronic plaque psoriasis, Br. J. Dermatol., 148, 670, 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05287.x

Kalali, 2008, Double-stranded RNA induces an antiviral defense status in epidermal keratinocytes through TLR3-, PKR-, and MDA5/RIG-I-mediated differential signaling, J. Immunol., 181, 2694, 10.4049/jimmunol.181.4.2694

Lebre, 2007, Human keratinocytes express functional toll-like receptor 3, 4, 5, and 9, J. Invest. Dermatol., 127, 331, 10.1038/sj.jid.5700530

Stannard, 2017, Lupus skin is primed for IL-6 inflammatory responses through a keratinocyte-mediated autocrine type I interferon loop, J. Invest. Dermatol., 137, 115, 10.1016/j.jid.2016.09.008

Prens, 2008, IFN-α enhances poly-IC responses in human keratinocytes by inducing expression of cytosolic innate RNA receptors: relevance for psoriasis, J. Invest. Dermatol., 128, 932, 10.1038/sj.jid.5701087

Kimura, 2012, Characterization of retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) expression corresponding to viral infection and UVB in human keratinocytes, J. Dermatol. Sci., 66, 64, 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.02.006

Ohta, 2014, Expression and function of RIG-I in oral keratinocytes and fibroblasts, Cell. Physiol. Biochem., 34, 1556, 10.1159/000366359

Deng, 2008, Vaccinia virus subverts a mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein-dependent innate immune response in keratinocytes through its double-stranded RNA binding protein, E3, J. Virol., 82, 10735, 10.1128/JVI.01305-08

Kato, 2018, Apoptosis-derived membrane vesicles drive the cGAS-STING pathway and enhance type I IFN production in systemic lupus erythematosus, Ann. Rheum. Dis., 77, 1507, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-212988

Almine, 2017, IFI16 and cGAS cooperate in the activation of STING during DNA sensing in human keratinocytes, Nat. Commun., 13, 14392, 10.1038/ncomms14392

Habiger, 2015, Interferon kappa inhibits human papillomavirus 31 transcription by inducing Sp100 proteins, J. Virol., 90, 694, 10.1128/JVI.02137-15

Sunthamala, 2014, E2 proteins of high risk human papillomaviruses down-modulate STING and IFN-kappa transcription in keratinocytes, PLoS ONE, 9, 10.1371/journal.pone.0091473

Lulli, 2016, Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors trigger a type I interferon response in human skin, Oncotarget, 7, 47777, 10.18632/oncotarget.10013

Lulli, 2017, The MEK inhibitors trametinib and cobimetinib induce a type I interferon response in human keratinocytes, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18, 10.3390/ijms18102227

Klaeschen, 2017, JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib inhibits the expression of cytokines characteristic of cutaneous lupus erythematosus, Exp. Dermatol., 26, 728, 10.1111/exd.13253

Bautista, 2005, Constitutive expression of alpha interferon by skin dendritic cells confers resistance to infection by foot-and-mouth disease virus, J. Virol., 79, 4838, 10.1128/JVI.79.8.4838-4847.2005

Dale, 2010, Familial Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome due to SAMHD1 mutations is associated with chronic arthropathy and contractures, Am. J. Med. Genet. A, 152A, 938, 10.1002/ajmg.a.33359

Ramesh, 2010, Intracerebral large artery disease in Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome implicates SAMHD1 in vascular homeostasis, Dev. Med. Child Neurol., 52, 725, 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03727.x

Rice, 2017, Assessment of type I interferon signaling in pediatric inflammatory disease, J. Clin. Immunol., 37, 123, 10.1007/s10875-016-0359-1

Jeremiah, 2014, Inherited STING-activating mutation underlies a familial inflammatory syndrome with lupus-like manifestations, J. Clin. Invest., 124, 5516, 10.1172/JCI79100

Liu, 2014, Activated STING in a vascular and pulmonary syndrome, N. Engl. J. Med., 371, 507, 10.1056/NEJMoa1312625

Rice, 2009, Mutations involved in Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome implicate SAMHD1 as regulator of the innate immune response, Nat. Genet., 41, 829, 10.1038/ng.373

Braunstein, 2012, The interferon-regulated gene signature is elevated in subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus and discoid lupus erythematosus and correlates with the cutaneous lupus area and severity index score, Br. J. Dermatol., 166, 971, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10825.x

Zahn, 2011, Interferon-alpha stimulates TRAIL expression in human keratinocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells: implications for the pathogenesis of cutaneous lupus erythematosus, Br. J. Dermatol., 165, 1118, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10479.x

Wenzel, 2005, Enhanced type I interferon signalling promotes Th1-biased inflammation in cutaneous lupus erythematosus, J. Pathol., 205, 435, 10.1002/path.1721

Reefman, 2008, Type I interferons are involved in the development of ultraviolet B-induced inflammatory skin lesions in systemic lupus erythaematosus patients, Ann. Rheum. Dis., 67, 11, 10.1136/ard.2007.070359

Meller, 2005, Ultraviolet radiation-induced injury, chemokines, and leukocyte recruitment: an amplification cycle triggering cutaneous lupus erythematosus, Arthritis Rheum., 52, 1504, 10.1002/art.21034

Robinson, 2011, Autoimmune disease risk variant of IFIH1 is associated with increased sensitivity to IFN-alpha and serologic autoimmunity in lupus patients, J. Immunol., 187, 1298, 10.4049/jimmunol.1100857

Zahn, 2014, Ultraviolet light protection by a sunscreen prevents interferon-driven skin inflammation in cutaneous lupus erythematosus, Exp. Dermatol., 23, 516, 10.1111/exd.12428

Salvi, 2017, IL-21 may promote granzyme B-dependent NK/plasmacytoid dendritic cell functional interaction in cutaneous lupus erythematosus, J. Invest. Dermatol., 137, 1493, 10.1016/j.jid.2017.03.016

Saunders, 1994, Control of growth regulatory and differentiation-specific genes in human epidermal keratinocytes by interferon gamma. Antagonism by retinoic acid and transforming growth factor beta 1, J. Biol. Chem., 269, 2016, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)42129-6

Toro, 2000, Detection of type 1 cytokines in discoid lupus erythematosus, Arch. Dermatol., 136, 1497, 10.1001/archderm.136.12.1497

Werth, 2017, Brief report: pharmacodynamics, safety, and clinical efficacy of AMG 811, a human anti-interferon-gamma antibody, in patients with discoid lupus erythematosus, Arthritis Rheumatol., 69, 1028, 10.1002/art.40052

Hundley, 2006, Cutaneous symptoms of dermatomyositis significantly impact patients’ quality of life, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 54, 217, 10.1016/j.jaad.2004.12.015

Zaba, 2012, Skin disease in dermatomyositis, Curr. Opin. Rheumatol., 24, 597, 10.1097/BOR.0b013e3283585748

Baechler, 2003, Interferon-inducible gene expression signature in peripheral blood cells of patients with severe lupus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 2610, 10.1073/pnas.0337679100

Walsh, 2007, Type I interferon-inducible gene expression in blood is present and reflects disease activity in dermatomyositis and polymyositis, Arthritis Rheum., 56, 3784, 10.1002/art.22928

Suárez-Calvet, 2014, Altered RIG-I/DDX58-mediated innate immunity in dermatomyositis, J. Pathol., 233, 258, 10.1002/path.4346

Margo, 2010, The phenotypic profile of dermatomyositis and lupus erythematosus: a comparative analysis, J. Cutan. Pathol., 37, 659, 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2009.01443.x

Wong, 2012, Interferon and biologic signatures in dermatomyositis skin: specificity and heterogeneity across diseases, PLoS ONE, 7, 10.1371/journal.pone.0029161

Greenberg, 2010, Dermatomyositis and type 1 interferons, Curr. Rheumatol. Rep., 12, 198, 10.1007/s11926-010-0101-6

Nezos, 2015, Type I and II interferon signatures in Sjogren's syndrome pathogenesis: contributions in distinct clinical phenotypes and Sjogren's related lymphomagenesis, J. Autoimmun., 63, 47, 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.07.002

Hile, 2017, Cutaneous purpura of Sjogren syndrome successfully treated with hydroxychloroquine, JAAD Case Rep., 3, 326, 10.1016/j.jdcr.2017.04.011

Brito-Zeron, 2014, Annular erythema in primary Sjogren's syndrome: description of 43 non-Asian cases, Lupus, 23, 166, 10.1177/0961203313515764

Boehncke, 2015, Psoriasis, Lancet, 386, 983, 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61909-7

Afshar, 2013, Induction and exacerbation of psoriasis with Interferon-alpha therapy for hepatitis C: a review and analysis of 36 cases, J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 27, 771, 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04582.x

Nestle, 2005, Plasmacytoid predendritic cells initiate psoriasis through interferon-alpha production, J. Exp. Med., 202, 135, 10.1084/jem.20050500

Mendieta, 2018, Interferon-alpha induced psoriasis in a teenager, Pediatr. Dermatol., 35, e136, 10.1111/pde.13418

Wu, 2004, Psoriasis induced by topical imiquimod, Australas. J. Dermatol., 45, 47, 10.1111/j.1440-0960.2004.00030.x

Palucka, 2005, Cross-regulation of TNF and IFN-alpha in autoimmune diseases, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 102, 3372, 10.1073/pnas.0408506102

Conrad, 2018, TNF blockade induces a dysregulated type I interferon response without autoimmunity in paradoxical psoriasis, Nat. Commun., 9, 25, 10.1038/s41467-017-02466-4

Negishi, 2008, A critical link between Toll-like receptor 3 and type II interferon signaling pathways in antiviral innate immunity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 20446, 10.1073/pnas.0810372105

Zhu, 2017, RIG-I antiviral signaling drives interleukin-23 production and psoriasis-like skin disease, EMBO Mol. Med., 9, 589, 10.15252/emmm.201607027

Zheng, 2007, Interleukin-22, a T(H)17 cytokine, mediates IL-23-induced dermal inflammation and acanthosis, Nature, 445, 648, 10.1038/nature05505

Kopp, 2015, Clinical improvement in psoriasis with specific targeting of interleukin-23, Nature, 521, 222, 10.1038/nature14175

Bijlmakers, 2011, Functional analysis of the RNF114 psoriasis susceptibility gene implicates innate immune responses to double-stranded RNA in disease pathogenesis, Hum. Mol. Genet., 20, 3129, 10.1093/hmg/ddr215

Giannini, 2008, T-cell regulator RNF125/TRAC-1 belongs to a novel family of ubiquitin ligases with zinc fingers and a ubiquitin-binding domain, Biochem. J., 410, 101, 10.1042/BJ20070995

Prens, 2008, IFN-alpha enhances poly-IC responses in human keratinocytes by inducing expression of cytosolic innate RNA receptors: relevance for psoriasis, J. Invest. Dermatol., 128, 932, 10.1038/sj.jid.5701087

Dand, 2017, Exome-wide association study reveals novel psoriasis susceptibility locus at TNFSF15 and rare protective alleles in genes contributing to type I IFN signalling, Hum. Mol. Genet., 26, 4301, 10.1093/hmg/ddx328

Cao, 2016, Up-regulation of Interferon-inducible protein 16 contributes to psoriasis by modulating chemokine production in keratinocytes, Sci. Rep., 3, 25381, 10.1038/srep25381

Zhang, 2016, Antimicrobial peptide LL37 and MAVS signaling drive interferon-beta production by epidermal keratinocytes during skin injury, Immunity, 45, 119, 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.06.021

Hida, 2000, CD8(+) T cell-mediated skin disease in mice lacking IRF-2, the transcriptional attenuator of interferon-alpha/beta signaling, Immunity, 13, 643, 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)00064-9

Ueyama, 2014, Mechanism of pathogenesis of imiquimod-induced skin inflammation in the mouse: a role for interferon-alpha in dendritic cell activation by imiquimod, J. Dermatol., 41, 135, 10.1111/1346-8138.12367

Gui, 2016, Therapeutic elimination of the type 1 interferon receptor for treating psoriatic skin inflammation, J. Invest. Dermatol., 136, 1990, 10.1016/j.jid.2016.06.608

van der Fits, 2004, In psoriasis lesional skin the type I interferon signaling pathway is activated, whereas interferon-alpha sensitivity is unaltered, J. Invest. Dermatol., 122, 51, 10.1046/j.0022-202X.2003.22113.x

Schmid, 1994, The type I interferon system is locally activated in psoriatic lesions, J. Interferon Res., 14, 229, 10.1089/jir.1994.14.229

Fäh, 1995, Expression of MxA protein in inflammatory dermatoses, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 43, 47, 10.1177/43.1.7822763

Suomela, 2004, Interferon alpha-inducible protein 27 (IFI27) is upregulated in psoriatic skin and certain epithelial cancers, J. Invest. Dermatol., 122, 717, 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22322.x

Yao, 2008, Type I interferon: potential therapeutic target for psoriasis?, PLoS ONE, 3, 10.1371/journal.pone.0002737

de Sousa Pinto, 2003, Lichen planus and leukocytoclastic vasculitis induced by interferon alpha-2b in a subject with HCV-related chronic active hepatitis, J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 17, 193, 10.1046/j.1468-3083.2003.00583.x

Choi, 2018, Erosive oral lichen planus after pegylated-interferon therapy for chronic hepatitis B, JAAD Case Rep., 4, 274, 10.1016/j.jdcr.2017.09.034

Sayiner, 2017, Dermatologic manifestations of chronic hepatitis C infection, Clin. Liver Dis., 21, 555, 10.1016/j.cld.2017.03.010

Shaker, 2009, Detection of myxovirus resistance protein A in lichen planus lesions and its relationship to hepatitis C virus, Br. J. Dermatol., 160, 980, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09033.x

Di Lernia, 2016, Targeting the IFN-gamma/CXCL10 pathway in lichen planus, Med. Hypoth., 92, 60, 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.04.042

Flier, 2001, Differential expression of CXCR3 targeting chemokines CXCL10, CXCL9, and CXCL11 in different types of skin inflammation, J. Pathol., 194, 398, 10.1002/1096-9896(200108)194:4<397::AID-PATH899>3.0.CO;2-S

Domingues, 2015, The dysfunctional innate immune response triggered by Toll-like receptor activation is restored by TLR7/TLR8 and TLR9 ligands in cutaneous lichen planus, Br. J. Dermatol., 172, 48, 10.1111/bjd.13214

Hügle, 2009, Sclerosing skin disorders in association with multiple sclerosis. Coincidence, underlying autoimmune pathology or interferon induced?, Ann. Rheum. Dis., 68, 47, 10.1136/ard.2007.083246

Bezalel, 2014, Interferon beta-1a-induced morphea, JAAD Case Rep., 1, 15, 10.1016/j.jdcr.2014.10.002

Leitenberger, 2009, Distinct autoimmune syndromes in morphea: a review of 245 adult and pediatric cases, Arch. Dermatol., 145, 545, 10.1001/archdermatol.2009.79

Ghoreishi, 2012, Type 1 IFN-induced protein MxA and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in lesions of morphea, Exp. Dermatol., 21, 417, 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01475.x

Rork, 2016, Understanding autoimmunity of vitiligo and alopecia areata, Curr. Opin. Pediatr., 28, 463, 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000375

Hordinsky, 2014, Alopecia areata: an evidence-based treatment update, Am. J. Clin. Dermatol., 15, 231, 10.1007/s40257-014-0086-4

Alkhalifah, 2010, Alopecia areata update: Part I. Clinical picture, histopathology, and pathogenesis, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 62, 177, 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.10.032

Agesta, 2002, Alopecia areata during interferon alpha-2b/ribavirin therapy, Dermatology, 205, 300, 10.1159/000065841

Patrk, 2014, Cutaneous reactions in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with peginterferon and ribavirin, Dermatology, 228, 42, 10.1159/000353160

Radny, 2004, Alopecia areata induced by adjuvant treatment with alpha-interferon in malignant melanoma?, Dermatology, 209, 249, 10.1159/000079904

Shafa, 2010, A case of irreversible alopecia associated with ribavirin and peg-interferon therapy, Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 22, 122, 10.1097/MEG.0b013e32832be7a5

Taliani, 2005, Reversible alopecia universalis during treatment with PEG-interferon and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C, J. Chemother., 17, 212, 10.1179/joc.2005.17.2.212

Kartal, 2007, Reversible alopecia universalis secondary to PEG-interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin combination therapy in a patient with chronic hepatitis C virus infection, Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 19, 817, 10.1097/MEG.0b013e32818b27e5

Abou Rahal, 2016, Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in alopecia areata: missing link?, J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 30, 119, 10.1111/jdv.12932

McPhee, 2012, Increased expression of Cxcr3 and its ligands, Cxcl9 and Cxcl10, during the development of alopecia areata in the mouse, J. Invest. Dermatol., 132, 1736, 10.1038/jid.2012.17

Islam, 2015, The autoimmune basis of alopecia areata: a comprehensive review, Autoimmun. Rev., 14, 81, 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.10.014

Ito, 2014, The role of cytokines and chemokines in the T-cell-mediated autoimmune process in alopecia areata, Exp. Dermatol., 23, 787, 10.1111/exd.12489

Kennedy Crispin, 2016, Safety and efficacy of the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib citrate in patients with alopecia areata, JCI Insight, 1, e89776, 10.1172/jci.insight.89776

Ezzedine, 2015, Vitiligo, Lancet, 386, 74, 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60763-7

Rashighi, 2014, CXCL10 is critical for the progression and maintenance of depigmentation in a mouse model of vitiligo, Sci. Transl. Med., 6, 223ra23, 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007811

Wang, 2016, Increased expression of CXCR3 and its ligands in patients with vitiligo and CXCL10 as a potential clinical marker for vitiligo, Br. J. Dermatol., 174, 1318, 10.1111/bjd.14416