Update on morphea

Peterson, 1997, The epidemiology of morphea (localized scleroderma) in Olmsted County 1960-1993, J Rheumatol, 24, 73 Murray, 2002, Scleroderma in children and adolescents, Rheum Dis Clin North Am, 28, 603, 10.1016/S0889-857X(02)00010-8 Christen-Zaech, 2008, Pediatric morphea (localized scleroderma): review of 136 patients, J Am Acad Dermatol, 59, 385, 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.05.005 Zulian, 2006, Juvenile localized scleroderma: clinical and epidemiological features in 750 children. An international study, Rheumatology (Oxford), 45, 614, 10.1093/rheumatology/kei251 Leitenberger, 2009, Distinct autoimmune syndromes in morphea: a review of 245 adult and pediatric cases, Arch Dermatol, 145, 545, 10.1001/archdermatol.2009.79 Marzano, 2003, Localized scleroderma in adults and children. Clinical and laboratory investigations on 239 cases, Eur J Dermatol, 13, 171 Peterson, 1995, Classification of morphea (localized scleroderma), Mayo Clin Proc, 70, 1068, 10.4065/70.11.1068 Laxer, 2006, Localized scleroderma, Curr Opin Rheumatol, 18, 606, 10.1097/01.bor.0000245727.40630.c3 Bielsa, 2007, Deep morphea, Semin Cutan Med Surg, 26, 90, 10.1016/j.sder.2007.02.005 Weibel, 2008, Linear morphoea follows Blaschko’s lines, Br J Dermatol, 159, 175, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08647.x Tollefson, 2007, En coup de sabre morphea and Parry-Romberg syndrome: a retrospective review of 54 patients, J Am Acad Dermatol, 56, 257, 10.1016/j.jaad.2006.10.959 Blaszczyk, 2003, Progressive facial hemiatrophy: central nervous system involvement and relationship with scleroderma en coup de sabre, J Rheumatol, 30, 1997 Orozco-Covarrubias, 2002, Scleroderma ‘en coup de sabre’ and progressive facial hemiatrophy. Is it possible to differentiate them?, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 16, 361, 10.1046/j.1468-3083.2002.00442.x Wollina, 2007, Disabling pansclerotic morphea of childhood poses a high risk of chronic ulceration of the skin and squamous cell carcinoma, Int J Low Extrem Wounds, 6, 291, 10.1177/1534734607308731 Petrov, 2009, Lower lip squamous cell carcinoma in disabling pansclerotic morphea of childhood, Pediatr Dermatol, 26, 59, 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2008.00823.x Maragh, 2005, Disabling pansclerotic morphea: clinical presentation in two adults, J Am Acad Dermatol, 53, S115, 10.1016/j.jaad.2004.10.881 Matucci-Cerinic, 2009, The challenge of early systemic sclerosis for the EULAR Scleroderma Trial and Research group (EUSTAR) community. It is time to cut the Gordian knot and develop a prevention or rescue strategy, Ann Rheum Dis, 68, 1377, 10.1136/ard.2008.106302 Lambova, 2009, The role of capillaroscopy in differentiation of primary and secondary Raynaud’s phenomenon in rheumatic diseases: a review of the literature and two case reports, Rheumatol Int, 29, 1263, 10.1007/s00296-009-1019-z Spencer-Green, 1998, Outcomes in primary Raynaud phenomenon: a meta-analysis of the frequency, rates, and predictors of transition to secondary diseases, Arch Intern Med, 158, 595, 10.1001/archinte.158.6.595 Cutolo, 2003, Raynaud’s phenomenon and the role of capillaroscopy, Arthritis Rheum, 48, 3023, 10.1002/art.11310 Kahaleh, 2004, Raynaud phenomenon and the vascular disease in scleroderma, Curr Opin Rheumatol, 16, 718, 10.1097/01.bor.0000138677.88694.a4 Kister, 2008, Neurologic manifestations of localized scleroderma: a case report and literature review, Neurology, 71, 1538, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000334474.88923.e3 Zannin, 2007, Ocular involvement in children with localised scleroderma: a multi-centre study, Br J Ophthalmol, 91, 1311, 10.1136/bjo.2007.116038 Kasap, 2009, Juvenile linear scleroderma with unique forms of renal involvement, Pediatr Nephrol, 24, 2041, 10.1007/s00467-009-1206-x Wozniak, 2009, Evaluation of heart rhythm variability and arrhythmia in children with systemic and localized scleroderma, J Rheumatol, 36, 191, 10.3899/jrheum.080021 Kroft, 2009, Psychological distress in patients with morphea and eosinophilic fasciitis, Arch Dermatol, 145, 1017, 10.1001/archdermatol.2009.202 Orzechowski, 2009, Health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with juvenile localized scleroderma, Rheumatology (Oxford), 48, 670, 10.1093/rheumatology/kep059 Torrelo, 2006, Deep morphea after vaccination in two young children, Pediatr Dermatol, 23, 484, 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2006.00289.x Ho, 2004, Vitamin B12-associated localized scleroderma and its treatment, Dermatol Surg, 30, 1252, 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2004.30387.x Guidetti, 1994, Sclerodermatous skin reaction after vitamin K1 injections, Contact Dermatitis, 31, 45, 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1994.tb01905.x Morell, 1995, Morphea-like reaction from vitamin K1, Int J Dermatol, 34, 201, 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1995.tb01569.x Alonso-Llamazares, 1998, Vitamin K1-induced localized scleroderma (morphea) with linear deposition of IgA in the basement membrane zone, J Am Acad Dermatol, 38, 322, 10.1016/S0190-9622(98)70574-2 Herrmann, 2009, Localized morphea—a rare but significant secondary complication following breast cancer radiotherapy. Case report and review of the literature on radiation reaction among patients with scleroderma/morphea, Strahlenther Onkol, 185, 603, 10.1007/s00066-009-2051-3 Bleasel, 1999, Radiation-induced localized scleroderma in breast cancer patients, Australas J Dermatol, 40, 99, 10.1046/j.1440-0960.1999.00330.x Davis, 1996, Localized scleroderma in breast cancer patients treated with supervoltage external beam radiation: radiation port scleroderma, J Am Acad Dermatol, 35, 923, 10.1016/S0190-9622(96)90116-4 Akay, 2010, Postirradiation linear morphoea, Clin Exp Dermatol, 35, e106, 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2009.03717.x Schaffer, 2000, Postirradiation morphea of the breast presentation of two cases and review of the literature, Dermatology, 200, 67, 10.1159/000018322 Peroni, 2008, Drug-induced morphea: report of a case induced by balicatib and review of the literature, J Am Acad Dermatol, 59, 125, 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.03.009 Kraigher, 2009, Anti-double-stranded DNA-positive unilateral generalized morphea in an adult, possibly exacerbated by ibuprofen, Arch Dermatol, 145, 844, 10.1001/archdermatol.2009.131 Asbrink, 1986, Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans—a spirochetosis. Clinical and histopathological picture based on 32 patients; course and relationship to erythema chronicum migrans Afzelius, Am J Dermatopathol, 8, 209, 10.1097/00000372-198606000-00005 Eisendle, 2007, Morphoea: a manifestation of infection with Borrelia species?, Br J Dermatol, 157, 1189, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08235.x Espinoza-Leon, 2006, Absence of Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in the sera of Venezuelan patients with localized scleroderma (morphea), Invest Clin, 47, 283 Weide, 2000, Morphoea is neither associated with features of Borrelia burgdorferi infection, nor is this agent detectable in lesional skin by polymerase chain reaction, Br J Dermatol, 143, 780, 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03775.x Colome-Grimmer, 1997, Borrelia burgdorferi DNA and Borrelia hermsii DNA are not associated with morphea or lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in the southwestern United States, Arch Dermatol, 133, 1174, 10.1001/archderm.1997.03890450126024 Alonso-Llamazares, 1997, No evidence for Borrelia burgdorferi infection in lesions of morphea and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus in Spain. A prospective study and literature review, Acta Derm Venereol, 77, 299 Akimoto, 1996, The absence of antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi in the sera of Japanese patients with localized scleroderma, J Rheumatol, 23, 573 De Vito, 1996, Role of Borrelia burgdorferi in the pathogenesis of morphea/scleroderma and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus: a PCR study of thirty-five cases, J Cutan Pathol, 23, 350, 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1996.tb01309.x Fan, 1995, Absence of Borrelia burgdorferi in patients with localized scleroderma (morphea), J Am Acad Dermatol, 33, 682, 10.1016/0190-9622(95)91311-4 Dillon, 1995, Borrelia burgdorferi DNA is undetectable by polymerase chain reaction in skin lesions of morphea, scleroderma, or lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of patients from North America, J Am Acad Dermatol, 33, 617, 10.1016/0190-9622(95)91281-9 Wienecke, 1995, No evidence for Borrelia burgdorferi-specific DNA in lesions of localized scleroderma, J Invest Dermatol, 104, 23, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12613456 Eisendle, 2007, Focus floating microscopy: “gold standard” for cutaneous borreliosis?, Am J Clin Pathol, 127, 213, 10.1309/3369XXFPEQUNEP5C Prinz, 2009, “Borrelia-associated early-onset morphea”: a particular type of scleroderma in childhood and adolescence with high titer antinuclear antibodies? Results of a cohort analysis and presentation of three cases, J Am Acad Dermatol, 60, 248, 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.09.023 Pandey, 1998, Human cytomegalovirus and the vasculopathies of autoimmune diseases (especially scleroderma), allograft rejection, and coronary restenosis, Arthritis Rheum, 41, 10, 10.1002/1529-0131(199801)41:1<10::AID-ART2>3.0.CO;2-P Kahaleh, 1999, Autoimmunity and vascular involvement in systemic sclerosis (SSc), Autoimmunity, 31, 195, 10.3109/08916939908994064 Arnson, 2009, The role of infections in the immunopathogensis of systemic sclerosis—evidence from serological studies, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1173, 627, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04808.x Lawrence, 1998, Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected musculoskeletal disorders in the United States, Arthritis Rheum, 41, 778, 10.1002/1529-0131(199805)41:5<778::AID-ART4>3.0.CO;2-V Arkachaisri, 2008, Serum autoantibodies and their clinical associations in patients with childhood- and adult-onset linear scleroderma. A single-center study, J Rheumatol, 35, 2439, 10.3899/jrheum.080098 Takehara, 2005, Localized scleroderma is an autoimmune disorder, Rheumatology (Oxford), 44, 274, 10.1093/rheumatology/keh487 Hayakawa, 2004, Anti-DNA topoisomerase IIalpha autoantibodies in localized scleroderma, Arthritis Rheum, 50, 227, 10.1002/art.11432 Matsushita, 2006, Elevated serum BAFF levels in patients with systemic sclerosis: enhanced BAFF signaling in systemic sclerosis B lymphocytes, Arthritis Rheum, 54, 192, 10.1002/art.21526 Yimane, 2001, Anti-U3 snRNP antibodies in localised scleroderma, Ann Rheum Dis, 60, 1157, 10.1136/ard.60.12.1157 Sgonc, 1996, Endothelial cell apoptosis is a primary pathogenetic event underlying skin lesions in avian and human scleroderma, J Clin Invest, 98, 785, 10.1172/JCI118851 Lambert, 2005, Male microchimerism in women with systemic sclerosis and healthy women who have never given birth to a son, Ann Rheum Dis, 64, 845, 10.1136/ard.2004.029314 Rak, 2009, Male microchimerism and HLA compatibility in French women with sclerodema: a different profile in limited and diffuse subset, Rheumatology (Oxford), 48, 363, 10.1093/rheumatology/ken505 McNallan, 2007, Immunophenotyping of chimeric cells in localized scleroderma, Rheumatology (Oxford), 46, 398, 10.1093/rheumatology/kel297 Helmbold, 2004, Hyperplasia of dermal microvascular pericytes in scleroderma, J Cutan Pathol, 31, 431, 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2004.00203.x Yamane, 2000, Increased serum levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and E-selectin in patients with localized scleroderma, J Am Acad Dermatol, 42, 64, 10.1016/S0190-9622(00)90010-0 Higley, 1994, Immunocytochemical localization and serologic detection of transforming growth factor beta 1. Association with type I procollagen and inflammatory cell markers in diffuse and limited systemic sclerosis, morphea, and Raynaud’s phenomenon, Arthritis Rheum, 37, 278, 10.1002/art.1780370218 Higashi-Kuwata, 2009, Alternatively activated macrophages (M2 macrophages) in the skin of patient with localized scleroderma, Exp Dermatol, 18, 727, 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00828.x Yamamoto, 2006, Chemokines and chemokine receptors in scleroderma, Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 140, 345, 10.1159/000094242 Asano, 2006, Involvement of alphavbeta5 integrin in the establishment of autocrine TGF-beta signaling in dermal fibroblasts derived from localized scleroderma, J Invest Dermatol, 126, 1761, 10.1038/sj.jid.5700331 Tomimura, 2008, Autoantibodies against matrix metalloproteinase-1 in patients with localized scleroderma, J Dermatol Sci, 52, 47, 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2008.04.013 Liu, 2008, Role of Rac1 in a bleomycin-induced scleroderma model using fibroblast-specific Rac1-knockout mice, Arthritis Rheum, 58, 2189, 10.1002/art.23595 Fawzi, 2008, Expression of insulin-like growth factor-I in lesional and non-lesional skin of patients with morphoea, Br J Dermatol, 159, 86, 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08592.x Milano, 2008, Molecular subsets in the gene expression signatures of scleroderma skin, PLoS One, 3, e2696, 10.1371/journal.pone.0002696