Biomimetic superhydrophobic surfaces with transition metals and their oxides: A review

Zhang Q, Zang K, Xu D, Yang G, Huang H, Ni F, Liu C, Yang S. CuO nanostructures: Synthesis, characterization, growth mechanisms fundamental properties, and applications. Progress in Materials Science, 2014, 60, 208–337.

Dutta S, Chattopadhyay S, Sarkar A, Chakrabarti M, Sanyal D, Jana D. Role of defects in tailoring structural, electrical and optical properties of ZnO. Progress in Materials Science, 2009, 54, 89–136.

Comini E, Baratto C, Faglia G, Ferroni M, Vomiero A, Sberveglieri G. Quasi-one dimensional metal oxide semiconductors: Preparation, characterization and application as chemical sensors. Progress in Materials Science, 2009, 54, 1–67.

Devan R, Patil R, Lin J, Ma Y. One-dimensional metal-oxide nanostructures: Recent developments in synthesis, characterization, and applications. Advanced Functional Materials, 2012, 22, 3326–3370.

Yilmaz G, Bozkurt U, Magden K A. Effect of iron ions (Fe2+, Fe3+on the formation and structure of aerobic granular sludge. Biodegradation, 2017, 28, 53–68.

Raveau B. Transition metal oxides: Promising functional materials. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2005, 25, 1965–1969.

Lee K P, Trochimowicz H J, Reinhardt C F. Pulmonary response of rats exposed to titanium dioxide (TiO2by inhalation for two years. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 1985, 79, 179–192.

Li D, Gao G, Meng F, Ji C. Preparation of nano-iron oxide red pigment powders by use of cyanided tailing. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008, 155, 369–377.

Richterová I, Pavlu J, Nemecek Z, Šafránková J. Model of secondary emission and its application on the charging of gold dust grains. Physical Review B: Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, 2006, 74, 235430.

Darmanin T, de Givenchy E T, Amigoni S, Guittard F. Superhydrophobic surfaces by electrochemical processes. Advanced Materials, 2013, 25, 1378–1394.

Sun M, Luo C, Xu L, Ji H, Ouyang Q, Yu D, Chen Y. Artificial lotus leaf by nanocasting. Langmuir, 2005, 21, 8978–8981.

Yuan Z, Chen H, Tang J, Gong H, Liu Y. Wang Z, Shi P, Zhang J, Chen X. Novel preparation of polystyrene film with a superhydrophobic surface using a template method. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2007, 40, 3485–3489.

Öner D, McCarthy T J. Ultrahydrophobic surfaces. Effects of topography length scales on wettability. Langmuir, 2000, 16, 7777–7782.

Jopp J, Grüll H, Yerushalmi-Rozen R. Wetting behavior of water droplets on hydrophobic microtextures of comparable size. Langmuir, 2004, 20, 10015–10019.

Lei J, Zhao Y, Zhai J. A lotus-leaf-like superhydrophobic surface: A porous microsphere/nanofiber composite film prepared by electrohydrodynamics. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2004, 43, 4338–4341.

Ma M, Mao Y, Gupta M, Gleason K, Rutledge G. Superhydrophobic fabrics produced by electrospinning and chemical vapor deposition. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2005, 38, 9742–9748.

Yoon M, Kim Y, Cho J. Multifunctional colloids with optical, magnetic, and superhydrophobic properties derived from nucleophilic substitution-induced layer-by-layer assembly in organic media. ACS Nano, 2011, 5, 5417–5426.

Buck M E, Schwartz S C, Lynn D M. Superhydrophobic thin films fabricated by reactive layer-by-layer assembly of azlactone-functionalized polymers. Chemistry of Materials, 2010, 22, 6319–6327.

Liu K, Jiang L. Metallic surfaces with special wettability. Nanoscale, 2011, 3, 825–838.

Li J, Shi L, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Guo Z, Su B, Liu W. Stable superhydrophobic coatings from thiol-ligand nanocrystals and their application in oil/water separation. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2012, 22, 9774–9781.

Wang B, Li J, Wang G, Liang W, Zhang Y, Shi L, Guo Z, Liu W. Methodology for robust superhydrophobic fabrics and sponges from in situ growth of transition metal/metal oxide nanocrystals with thiol modification and their applications in oil/water separation. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2013, 5, 1827–1839.

Moradi S, Hadjesfandiari N, Toosi S F, Kizhakkedathu J, Hatzikiriakos S. Effect of extreme wettability on platelet adhesion on metallic implants: From superhydrophilicity to superhydrophobicity. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2016, 8, 17631–17641.

Barthlott W, Neinhuis C. Purity of the sacred lotus, or escape from contamination in biological surfaces. Planta, 1997, 202, 1–8.

Feng L, Li S, Li Y, Zhang L, Zhai J, Song Y, Liu B, Jiang L, Zhu D. Super-hydrophobic surfaces: From natural to artificial. Advanced Materials, 2002, 14, 1857–1860.

Wang G, Guo Z, Liu W. Interfacial effects of superhydrophobic plant surfaces: A review. Journal of Bionic Engineering, 2014, 11, 325–345.

Ma J W. Impact of Surface Topography on Colloidal and Bacterial Adhesion. Master thesis, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA, 2011.

Feng L, Zhang Y, Xi J, Xi J, Zhu Y, Wang N, Xia F, Jiang L. Petal effect: A superhydrophobic state with high adhesive force. Langmuir, 2008, 24, 4114–4119.

Guo Z, Liu W. Biomimic from the superhydrophobic plant leaves in nature: Binary structure and unitary structure. Plant Science, 2007, 172, 1103–1112.

Koch K, Bhushan B, Barthlott W. Multifunctional surface structures of plants: An inspiration for biomimetics. Progress in Materials Science, 2009, 54, 137–178.

Gao X, Yan X, Yao X, Xu L, Zhang K, Zhang J, Yang B, Jiang L. The dry-style antifogging properties of mosquito compound eyes and artificial analogues prepared by soft lithography. Advanced Materials, 2010, 19, 2213–2217.

Bidlingmayer W L. How mosquitoes see traps: Role of visual responses. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 1994, 10, 272–279.

Sun M, Watson G S, Zheng Y, Watson J A, Liang A. Wetting properties on nanostructured surfaces of cicada wings. Journal of Experimental Biology, 2009, 212, 3148–3155.

Zhang G, Zhang J, Xie G, Liu Z, Shao H. Cicada wings: A stamp from nature for nanoimprint lithography. Small, 2006, 2, 1440–1443.

Prum R O, Quinn T, Torres R H. Anatomically diverse butterfly scales all produce structural colours by coherent scattering. Journal of Experimental Biology, 2006, 209, 748–765.

Zheng Y, Gao X, Jiang L. Directional adhesion of superhydrophobic butterfly wings. Soft Matter, 2007, 3, 178–182.

Han Z, Mu Z, Li B, Wang Z, Zhang J, Niu S, Ren L. Active antifogging property of monolayer SiO2 film with bioinspired multiscale hierarchical pagoda structures. ACS Nano, 2016, 10, 8591–8602.

Bixler G D, Bhushan B F. Fluid drag reduction and efficient self-cleaning with rice leaf and butterfly wing bioinspired surfaces. Nanoscale, 2013, 5, 7685–7710.

Autumn K, Liang Y A, Hsieh S T, Hsieh T, Zesch W, Chan W, Kenny T, Fearing R, Full R. Adhesive force of a single gecko foot-hair. Nature, 2000, 405, 681–685.

Liu K, Du J, Wu J, Jiang L. Superhydrophobic gecko feet with high adhesive forces towards water and their bio-inspired materials. Nanoscale, 2012, 4, 768–772.

Barthlott W, Schimmel T, Wiersch S, Koch K, Brede M, Barczewski M, Walheim S, Weis A, Kaltenmaier A, Leder A, Bohn H. The salvinia paradox: Superhydrophobic surfaces with hydrophilic pins for air retention under water. Advanced Materials, 2010, 22, 2325–2328.

Corbett J J, Koehler H W. Updated emissions from ocean shipping. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 2003, 108, 87–107.

Eyring V, Köhler H W, Van Aardenne J, Lauer A. Emissions from international shipping: 1. The last 5years. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres, 2005, 110, D17305.

Feng X Q, Gao X, Wu Z, Jiang L, Zheng Q. Superior water repellency of water strider legs with hierarchical structures: Experiments and analysis. Langmuir, 2007, 23, 4892–4896.

Cai Y, Lin L, Xue Z, Liu M, Wang S, Jiang L. Filefishinspired surface design for anisotropic underwater oleophobicity. Advanced Functional Materials, 2014, 24, 809–816.

Martin J T, JuniPer B E. The Cuticles of Plants, Edward Arnold (Publisher Ltd., London, UK, 1970.

Bhushan B, Jung Y C. Natural and biomimetic artificial surfaces for superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning, low adhesion, and drag reduction. Progress in Materials Science, 2011, 56, 1–108.

Kamegawa T, Shimizu Y, Yamashita H. Superhydrophobic surfaces with photocatalytic self-cleaning properties by nanocomposite coating of TiO2 and polytetrafluoroethylen. Advanced Materials, 2012, 24, 3697–3700.

Crick C R, Bear J C, Kafizas A, Parkin I. Superhydrophobic photocatalytic surfaces through direct incorporation of titania nanoparticles into a polymer matrix by aerosol assisted chemical vapor deposition. Advanced Materials, 2012, 24, 3505–3508.

Qing Y, Yang C, Yu N, Shang Y, Sun Y, Wang L, Liu C. Superhydrophobic TiO2/polyvinylidene fluoride composite surface with reversible wettability switching and corrosion resistance. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2016, 290, 37–44.

Teisala H, Tuominen M, Stepien M, Haapanen J, Mäkelä J, Saarinen J, Toivakka J, Kuusipalo J. Wettability conversion on the liquid fame spray generated superhydrophobic TiO2 nanoparticle coating on paper and board by photocatalytic decomposition of spontaneously accumulated carbonaceous overlayer. Cellulose, 2013, 20, 391–408.

Lu Y, Sathasivam S, Song J, Crick C, Carmalt C, Parkin I. Robust self-cleaning surfaces that function when exposed to either air or oil. Science, 2015, 347, 1132–1135.

Zhang X, Guo Y, Zhang Z, Zhang P. Self-cleaning superhydrophobic surface based on titanium dioxide nanowires combined with polydimethylsiloxane. Applied Surface Science, 2013, 284, 319–323.

Dong J, Yao Z, Yang T, Jiang L, Shen C. Control of superhydrophilic and superhydrophobic graphene interface. Scientific Reports, 2013, 3, 1733.

Naghdi S, Jaleh B, Shahbazi N. Reversible wettability conversion of electrodeposited graphene oxide/titania nanocomposite coating: Investigation of surface structures. Applied Surface Science, 2016, 368, 409–416.

Wang X, Song J, Liu J, Wang Z. Direct-current nanogenerator driven by ultrasonic waves. Science, 2007, 316, 102–105.

Omri K, Najeh I, Dhahri R, Ghoul J E, Mir L E. Effects of temperature on the optical and electrical properties of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by sol–gel method. Microelectronic Engineering, 2014, 128, 53–58.

Sun X W, Wang J X. Fast switching electrochromic display using a viologen-modified ZnO nanowire array electrode. Nano Letters, 2008, 8, 1884–1889.

Moon T H, Jeong M C, Oh B Y, Ham M H, Jeun M H, Lee W Y, Myoung J M. Chemical surface passivation of HfO2 films in a ZnO nanowire transistor. Nanotechnology, 2006, 17, 2116.

Chai G Y, Lupan O, Rusu E V, Stratn G I, Ursaki V U, Sontea U, Khallaf H, Chow L. Functionalized individual ZnO microwire for natural gas detection. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2012, 176, 64–71.

Huang Y, Sarkar D K, Chen X G. Superhydrophobic nanostructured ZnO thin films on aluminum alloy substrates by electrophoretic deposition process. Applied Surface Science, 2015, 327, 327–334.

Gao D, Jia M. Hierarchical ZnO particles grafting by fluorocarbon polymer derivative: Preparation and superhydrophobic behavior. Applied Surface Science, 2015, 343, 172–180.

Hahn Y B. Zinc oxide nanostructures and their applications. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2011, 28, 1797–1813.

Wahab R, Ansari S G, Kim Y S, Seo H K, Shin H S. Room temperature synthesis of needle-shaped ZnO nanorods via sonochemical method. Applied Surface Science, 2007, 253, 7622–7626.

Chen W J, Liu W L, Hsieh S H, Tsai T K. Preparation of nanosized ZnO using a brass. Applied Surface Science, 2007, 253, 6749–6753.

Nikoobakht B, Wang X, Herzing A, Shi J. Cheminform abstract: Scalable synthesis and device integration of self-registered one-dimensional zinc oxide nanostructures and related materials. Chemical Society Reviews, 2013, 44, 342–365.

Xu T, Ji P, He M. Lin J. Growth and structure of pure ZnO micro/nanocombs. Journal of Nanomaterials, 2012, 2012, 1875–1890.

Yang F, Guo Z. Characterization of micro-morphology and wettability of lotus leaf, waterlily leaf and biomimetic ZnO surface. Journal of Bionic Engineering, 2015, 12, 88–97.

PauportéTh, Bataille G, Joulaud L, Vermersch F J. Well-aligned ZnO nanowire arrays prepared by seed-layer-free electrodeposition and their cassie-wenzel transition after hydrophobization. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2011, 114, 194–202.

Chiu W S, Khiew P S, Cloke M, Isa D, Tan T K, Radiman S, Abd-Shukor R, Hamid M A, Huang N W, Lim H N, Chia C H. Photocatalytic study of two-dimensional ZnO nanopellets in the decomposition of methylene blue. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2010, 158, 345–352.

Li J, Sun Q, Yao Q, Wang J, Han S, Jin C. Fabrication of robust superhydrophobic bamboo based on ZnO nanosheet networks with improved water-, UV-, and fire-resistant properties. Journal of Nanomaterials 2015, 2015, 431426.

Polshettiwar V, Baruwati B, Varma R S. Self-assembly of metal oxides into three-dimensional nanostructures: Synthesis and application in catalysis. ACS Nano, 2009, 3, 728–736.

Bitenc M, Orel Z C. Synthesis and characterization of crystalline hexagonal bipods of zinc oxide. Materials Research Bulletin, 2009, 44, 381–387.

Dai S, Zhang D, Shi Q, Han X, Wang S, Du Z. Biomimetic fabrication and tunable wetting properties of three-dimensional hierarchical ZnO structures by combining soft lithography templated with lotus leaf and hydrothermal treatments. Crystengcomm, 2013, 15, 5417–5424.

Hao X, Wu G, Wang L, Lv D, Luo Y, Li L, He N. Superhydrophobic surfaces based on ZnO-constructed hierarchical architectures. Microelectronic Engineering, 2015, 141, 44–50.

Yu L, Hao G, Gu J, Zhou S, Zhang N, Jiang W. Fe3O4/PS magnetic nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and their application as sorbents of oil from waste water. Journal of Magnetism & Magnetic Materials, 2015, 394, 14–21.

Wu L, Zhang J, Li B, Wang A. Magnetically driven super durable superhydrophobic polyester materials for oil/water separation. Polymer Chemistry, 2014, 5, 2382–2390.

Zieba J, Frydrysiak M. Modeling of textile magnetic core. Smartex Research Journal, 2012, 1, 102–110.

Zhu Q, Chu Y, Wang Z, Chen N, Lin L, Liu F, Pan Q. Robust superhydrophobic polyurethane sponge as a highly reusable oil-absorption material. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2013, 1, 5386–5393.

Li Z, Jiang Z, Fei B, Cai Z, Pan X. Comparison of bamboo green, timber and yellow in sulfite, sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide pretreatments for enzymatic saccharification. Bioresource Technology, 2014, 151, 91–99.

Yu X, Liu S, Yu J. Superparamagnetic?-Fe2O3@SiO2@TiO2 composite microspheres with superior photocatalytic properties. Applied Catalysis B, 2011, 104, 12–20.

Yu Y, Jiang Z, Wang G, Tian G, Wang H, Song Y. Surface functionalization of bamboo with nanostructured ZnO. Wood Science and Technology, 2012, 46, 781–790.

Si Y, Guo Z. Superhydrophobic nanocoatings: From materials to fabrications and to applications. Nanoscale, 2015, 7, 5922–5946.

Bao X, Cui J, Sun H, Liang W, Zhu Z, An J, Yang B, La P, Li A. Facile preparation of superhydrophobic surfaces based on metal oxide nanoparticles. Applied Surface Science, 2014, 303, 473–480.

Emsley J. Nature’s Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements, Oxford University Press, New York, USA, 2011.

Gong Z J, Wang J L, Wu L M, Wang X Y. Lv G C, Liao L B. Fabrication of super hydrophobic surfaces on copper by solution-immersion. Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2013, 21, 920–926.

Shirtcliffe N J, Mchale G, Newton M I, Perry C C. Wetting and wetting transitions on copper-based super-hydrophobic surfaces. Langmuir the ACS Journal of Surfaces & Colloids, 2015, 21, 937–943.

Fan Y, Li C, Chen Z, Hong C. Study on fabrication of the superhydrophobic sol–gel films based on copper wafer and its anti-corrosive properties. Applied Surface Science, 2012, 258, 6531–6536.

La D D, Nguyen T A, Lee S, Kim J W, Yong S K. A stable superhydrophobic and superoleophilic cu mesh based on copper hydroxide nanoneedle arrays. Applied Surface Science, 2011, 257, 5705–5710.

Su F, Yao K. Facile fabrication of superhydrophobic surface with excellent mechanical abrasion and corrosion resistance on copper substrate by a novel method. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2014, 6, 8762–8770.

Wang H, Yu J, Wu Y, Shao W, Xu X. A facile two-step approach to prepare superhydrophobic surfaces on copper substrates. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2014, 2, 5010–5017.

Zhang N, Lu S, Xu W, Zhang Y. Controlled growth of CuO-Cu3Pt/Cu micro-nano binary architectures on copper substrate and its superhydrophobic behavior. New Journal of Chemistry, 2014, 38, 4534–4540.

Wang P, Zhang D, Qiu R, Wu J. Super-hydrophobic metal-complex film fabricated electrochemically on copper as a barrier to corrosive medium. Corrosionence, 2014, 83, 317–326.

Ou J, Hu W, Liu S, Xue M, Wang F, Li W. Superoleophobic textured copper surfaces fabricated by chemical etching/ oxidation and surface fluorination. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2013, 5, 10035–10041.

Cheng Z, Lai H, Du Y, Fu K, Hou R, Zhang N, Sun K. Underwater superoleophilic to superoleophobic wetting control on the nanostructured copper substrates. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2013, 5, 11363–11370.

Pan Q, Jin H, Wang H. Fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces on interconnected Cu(OH)nanowires via solution- immersion. Nanotechnology, 2007, 18, 355605.

Li Y, Jia W Z, Song Y Y, Xia X H. Superhydrophobicity of 3D porous copper films prepared using the hydrogen bubble dynamic template. Chemistry of Materials, 2016, 19, 5758–5764.

Shirtcliffe N J, Mchale G, Newton M I, Zhang Y. Superhydrophobic copper tubes with possible flow enhancement and drag reduction. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2009, 1, 1316–1323.

Pei M D, Wang B, Li E, Zhang X H, Song X M, Yan H. The fabrication of superhydrophobic copper films by a low-pressure-oxidation method. Applied Surface Science, 2010, 256, 5824–5827.

Wang G, Zhang T Y. Oxygen adsorption induced superhydrophilic- to-superhydrophobic transition on hierarchical nanostructured cuo surface. Journal of Colloid & Interface Science, 2012, 377, 438–441.

Darmanin T, De Givenchy E T, Amigoni S, Guittard F. Superhydrophobic surfaces by electrochemical processes. Advanced Materials, 2013, 25, 1378–1394.

Li J, Guo Z, Liu J H, Huang X J. Copper nanowires array: Controllable construction and tunable wettability. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2011, 115, 16934–16940.

Sasmal A K, Mondal C, Sinha A K, Gauri S S, Pal J, Aditya T, Ganguly M, Dey S, Pal T. Fabrication of superhydrophobic copper surface on various substrates for roll-off, self-cleaning, and water/oil separation. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2014, 6, 22034–22043.

Yuan X, Setyawati M I, Leong D T, Xie J P. Ultrasmall Ag+-rich nanoclusters as highly efficient nanoreservoirs for bacterial killing. Nano Research, 2014, 7, 301–307.

Jiang X, Yang M, Meng Y, Jiang W, Zhan J. Cysteamine- modified silver nanoparticle aggregates for quantitative sers sensing of pentachlorophenol with a portable raman spectrometer. Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2013, 5, 6902–6908.

Henglein A, Tausch-Treml R. Optical absorption and catalytic activity of subcolloidal and colloidal silver in aqueous solution: A pulse radiolysis study. Journal of Colloid & Interface Science, 1981, 80, 84–93.

Xu X, Zhang Z, Yang J. Fabrication of biomimetic superhydrophobic surface on engineering materials by a simple electroless galvanic deposition method. Langmuir, 2009, 26, 3654–3658.

Inberg A, Ginsburg E, Shacham-Diamand Y, Croitoru N, Seidman A. Electroless and sputtered silver–tungsten thin films for microelectronics applications. Microelectronic Engineering, 2003, 65, 197–207.

Park J H, Park J K, Shin H Y, Park J H, Park J K, Shin H Y. The preparation of Ag/mesoporous silica by direct silver reduction and Ag/functionalized mesoporous silica by in situ formation of adsorbed silver. Materials Letters, 2007, 61, 156–159.

Dubas S T, Kumlangdudsana P, Potiyaraj P. Layer-by-layer deposition of antimicrobial silver nanoparticles on textile fibers. Colloids & Surfaces A, 2006, 289, 105–109.

Shateri-Khalilabad M, Yazdanshenas M E. Fabrication of superhydrophobic, antibacterial, and ultraviolet-blocking cotton fabric. Journal of the Textile Institute, 2013, 104, 861–869.

Heinonen S, Huttunen-Saarivirta E, Nikkanen J P, Raulio M, Priha O, Laakso J, Storgårds E, Levänen E. Antibacterial properties and chemical stability of superhydrophobic silver-containing surface produced by sol–gel route. Colloids and Surfaces A, 2014, 453, 149–161.

Xia Y, Wu Y, Hang T, Chang J, Li M. Electrodeposition of high density silver nanosheets with controllable morphologies served as effective and reproducible SERS substrates. Langmuir, 201, 32, 3385-3392.

Agnihotri S, Mukherji S, Mukherji S. Immobilized silver nanoparticles enhance contact killing and show highest efficacy: Elucidation of the mechanism of bactericidal action of silver. Nanoscale, 2013, 5, 7328–7340.

Yang H, Liu Y, Shen Q, Chen L, You W, Wang X, Sheng J. Mesoporous silica microcapsule-supported Ag nanoparticles fabricated via nano-assembly and its antibacterial properties. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2012, 22, 24132–24138.

Wu Y. Hang T, Komadina J, Ling H, Li M. High-adhesive superhydrophobic 3D nanostructured silver films applied as sensitive, long-lived, reproducible and recyclable SERS substrates. Nanoscale, 2014, 6, 9720–9726.

Wang Z, Ou J, Wang Y, Xue M, Wang F, Pan B, Li C, Li W. Anti-bacterial superhydrophobic silver on diverse substrates based on the mussel-inspired polydopamine. Surface & Coatings Technology, 2015, 280, 378–383.

Ye W, Yan J, Ye Q, Zhou F. Template-free and direct electrochemical deposition of hierarchical dendritic gold microstructures: Growth and their multiple applications. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2010, 114, 15617–15624.

Huang J, Han X, Wang D, Liu D, You T. Facile synthesis of dendritic gold nanostructures with hyperbranched architectures and their electrocatalytic activity toward ethanol oxidation. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2013, 5, 9148–9154.

Mo X, Wu Y, Zhang J, Hang T, Li M. Bioinspired multifunctional au nanostructures with switchable adhesion. Langmuir the ACS Journal of Surfaces & Colloids, 2015, 31, 10850–10858.

Osicka J, Ilcikova M, Popelka A, Filip F, Bertok T, Tkac J, Kasak P. Simple, reversible and fast modulation in superwettability, gradient and adsorption by counterion exchange on self-assembled monolayer. Langmuir, 2016, 32, 5491–5499.

Miyauchi M, Shibuya M, Zhao Z G, Liu Z. Surface wetting behavior of a WO3 electrode under light-irradiated or potential- controlled conditions. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2009, 113, 10642–10646.

Gu C, Zhang J, Tu J. A strategy of fast reversible wettability changes of WO3 surfaces between superhydrophilicity and superhydrophobicity. Journal of Colloid & Interface Science, 2010, 352, 573–579.

Wang N, Yuan Y, Wu Y, Hang T, Li M. Wetting transition of the caterpillar-like superhydrophobic Cu/Ni-Co hierarchical structure by heat treatment. Langmuir the ACS Journal of Surfaces & Colloids, 2015, 31, 10807–10812.

Zhang X, Li Z, Liu K, Jiang L. Bioinspired multifunctional foam with self-cleaning and oil/water separation. Advanced Functional Materials, 2013, 23, 2881–2886.

Kujawinski E B, Kido Soule M C, Valentine D L, Boysen A K, Longnecker K, Redmond M C. Fate of dispersants associated with the deepwater horizon oil spill. Environmental Science & Technology, 2011, 45, 1298–1306.

Crick C, Gibbins J, Parkin I. Superhydrophobic polymercoated copper-mesh; membranes for highly efficient oil-water separation. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2013, 1, 5943–5948.

Yang J, Zhang Z Z, Xu X H, Zhu X T, Men X H, Zhou X Y. Superhydrophilic–superoleophobic coatings. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2012, 22, 2834–2837.

Lee C H, Johnson N, Drelich J, Yap Y K. The performance of superhydrophobic and superoleophilic carbon nanotube meshes in water-oil filtration. Carbon, 2011, 49, 669–676.

Hayase G, Hayase G, Kanamori K, Fukuchi M, Kaji H, Nakanishi K. Facile synthesis of marshmallow-like macroporous gels usable under harsh conditions for the separation of oil and water. Angewandte Chemie, 2013, 52, 1986–1989.

Zhang Y, Wei S, Liu F, Du Y, Liu S, Ji Y, Yokoi T, Tatsumi T, Xiao F S. Superhydrophobic nanoporous polymers as efficient adsorbents for organic compounds. Nano Today, 2009, 4, 135–142.

Cheng Y, Lu S, Xu W, Wen H, Wang J. Fabrication of superhydrophobic au-zn alloys surface on zinc substrate for roll-down, self-cleaning and anti-corrosion properties. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2015, 3, 16774–16784.

Guo J, Yang F, Guo Z. Fabrication of stable and durable superhydrophobic surface on copper substrates for oil-water separation and ice-over delay. Journal of Colloid & Interface Science, 2015, 466, 36–43.

Tan C, Li Q, Li Y, Zhang C, Xu L. Preparation of a stable superhydrophobic boat for efficient separation and removal of oil from water. RSC Advances, 2016, 6, 53813–53820.

Pham V H, Dickerson J H. Superhydrophobic silanized melamine sponges as high efficiency oil absorbent materials. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2014, 6, 14181–14188.

Zhou X, Zhang Z, Xu X, Men X, Zhu X. Facile fabrication of superhydrophobic sponge with selective absorption and collection of oil from water. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2013, 52, 9411–9416.

Yang X, Cranston E D. Chemically cross-linked cellulose nanocrystal aerogels with shape recovery and superabsorbent properties. Chemistry of Materials, 2014, 26, 6016–6025.

Liu S, Xu Q, Latthe S S, Gurav A B, Xing R. Superhydrophobic/ superoleophilic magnetic polyurethane sponge for oil/water separation. RSC Advances, 2015, 5, 68293–68298.

Peng H, Wang H, Wu J, Meng G, Wang Y, Shi Y, Liu Z, Guo X. Preparation of superhydrophobic magnetic cellulose sponge for removing oil from water. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2016, 55, 832–838.

Onda T, Shibuichi S, Satoh N, Tsujii K. Super-waterrepellent fractal surfaces. Langmuir, 1996, 12, 2125–2127.

Sun T, Feng L, Gao X, Jiang L. Bioinspired surfaces with special wettability. Accounts of Chemical Research, 2005, 38, 644–652.

Feng L, Li S, Li Y, Li H, Zhang L, Zhai J, Song Y, Liu B, Jiang L, Zhu D. Super-hydrophobic surfaces: From natural to artificial. Advanced Materials, 2002, 14, 1857–1860.

Crick C R, Ismail S, Pratten J, Parkin I P. An investigation into bacterial attachment to an elastomeric superhydrophobic surface prepared via, aerosol assisted deposition. Thin Solid Films, 2011, 519, 3722–3727.

Ganesh V A, Nair A S, Raut H K, Walsh T M, Ramakrishna S. Photocatalytic superhydrophilic TiO2 coating on glass by electrospinning. RSC Advances, 2012, 2, 2067–2072.

Crick C R, Parkin I P. Preparation and characterisation of super-hydrophobic surfaces. Chemistry-A European Journal, 2010, 16, 3568–3588.

Teisala H, Tuominen M, Stepien M, Haapanen J, Mäkelä J M, Saarinen J J, Toivakka M, Kuusipalo J. Wettability conversion on the liquid flame spray generated superhydrophobic TiO2 nanoparticle coating on paper and board by photocatalytic decomposition of spontaneously accumulated carbonaceous overlayer. Cellular, 2013, 20, 391–408.

Fujishima A, Rao T N, Tryk D A. Titanium dioxide photocatalysis. Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology C Photochemistry Reviews, 2000, 1, 1–21.

Diebold U. The surface science of titanium dioxide. Surface Science Reports, 2003, 48, 53–229.

Carp O, Huisman C L, Reller A. Photoinduced reactivity of titanium dioxide. Progress in Solid State Chemistry, 2004, 32, 33–177.

Fujishima A. TiO2 photocatalysis and related surface phenomena. Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry, 2008, 63, 515–582.

Xu Q F, Liu Y, Lin F J, Mondal B, Lyons A M. Superhydrophobic TiO2-polymer nanocomposite surface with UV-induced reversible wettability and self-cleaning properties. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2013, 5, 8915–8924.

Russell T P, Surface-responsive materials. Science, 2002, 297, 964–967.

Sun T, Wang G, Feng L, Liu B, Ma Y, Jiang L, Zhu D. Reversible switching between superhydrophilicity and superhydrophobicity. Angewandte Chemie, 2004, 43, 357–360.

Motornov M, Minko S, Eichhorn K J, Nitschke M, Simon F, Stamm M. Reversible tuning of wetting behavior of polymer surface with responsive polymer brushes. Langmuir, 2003, 19, 8077–8085.

Lahann J, Mitragotri S, Tran T N, Choi I S, Hoffer S, Somorjai G A, Langer R. Reversibly switching surface. Science, 2003, 299, 371–374.

Wang R, Hashimoto K, Fujishima A, Koijma M, Kitamura E, Watanabe A S T. Light-induced amphiphilic surfaces. Nature, 1997, 388, 431–432.

Zhang J, Lu X, Huang W, Han Y. Reversible superhydrophobicity to superhydrophilicity transition by extending and unloading an elastic polyamide film. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 2005, 26, 477–480.

Hou W, Wang Q. UV-driven reversible switching of a polystyrene/ titania nanocomposite coating between superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity. Langmuir, 2009, 25, 6875–6879.

Liu H, Feng L, Zhai J, Jiang L, Zhu D B. Reversible wettability of a chemical vapor deposition prepared ZnO film between superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity. Langmuir, 2004, 20, 5659–5661.

Liu K, Cao M, Fujishima A, Jiang L. Bio-inspired titanium dioxide materials with special wettability and their applications. Chemical Reviews, 2014, 114, 10044–10094.

Fujishima A, Zhang X, Tryk D A. TiO2 photocatalysis and related surface phenomena. Surface Science Reports, 2008, 63, 515–582.

Zhang L, Dillert R, Bahnemann D, Vormoor M. Photo-induced hydrophilicity and self-cleaning: models and reality. Energy & Environmental Science, 2012, 5, 7491–7507.

Wang R, Hashimoto K, Fujishima A, Chikuni M, Kojima E. Kitamura A, Shimohigoshi M, Watanabe T. Light-induced amphiphilic surfaces. Nature, 1997, 388, 431–432.

Banerjee S, Dionysiou D D, Pillai S C. Self-cleaning applications of TiO2 by photo-induced hydrophilicity and photocatalysis. Applied Catalysis B, 2015, 176, 396–428.

Zhang L, Dillert R, Bahnemann D, Vormoor M. Photo-induced hydrophilicity and self-cleaning: Models and reality. Energy & Environmental Science, 2012, 5, 7491–7507.

Liu Z, Zhang X, Murakami T, Fujishima A. Sol–gel SiO2/TiO2 bilayer films with self-cleaning and antireflection properties. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2008, 92, 1434–1438.

Asahi R, Morikawa T, Ohwaki T, Aoki K, Taga Y. Visiblelight photocatalysis in nitrogen-doped titanium oxides. Science, 2001, 293, 269–271.

Borras A, Lopez C, Rico V, Gracia F, González-Elipe A R, Richter E, Battiston G, Gerbasi R, McSporran N, Sauthier G, György E, Figueras A. Effect of visible and UV illumination on the water contact angle of TiO2 thin films with incorporated nitrogen. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2007, 111, 1801–1808.

Antony R P, Mathews T, Dash S, Tyagi A K. Kinetics and physicochemical process of photoinduced hydrophobic ? superhydrophilic switching of pristine and N-doped TiO2 nanotube arrays. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2013, 117, 6851–6860.

Drelich J, Chibowski E. Superhydrophilic and superwetting surfaces: Definition and mechanisms of control. Langmuir, 2010, 26, 18621–18623.

Daniel S, Chaudhury M K, Chen J C. Fast drop movements resulting from the phase change on a gradient surface. Science, 2001, 291, 633–636.

Beebe D J, Moore J S, Yu Q, Liu R H, Kraft M L, Jo B H, Devadoss C. Microfluidic tectonics: A comprehensive construction platform for microfluidic systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2000, 97, 13488–13493.

Zhai G Q, Ying L, Kang E T, Neoh K G. Surface and interface characterization of smart membranes. Surface and Interface Analysis, 2004, 36, 1048–1051.

Yin Y, Guo N, Wang C, Rao Q. Alterable superhydrophobic–superhydrophilic wettability of fabric substrates decorated with Ion–TiO2 coating via ultraviolet radiation. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2014, 53, 14322–14328.

Fleischmann M, Hendra P J, Mcquillan A J. Raman spectra of pyridine adsorbed at a silver electrode. Chemical Physics Letters, 1974, 26, 163–166.

Kneipp J, Kneipp H, Kneipp K. SERS–a single-molecule and nanoscale tool for bioanalytics. Chemical Society Reviews, 2008, 37, 1052–1060.

Lee H K, Lee Y H, Zhang Q, Phang I Y, Tan J M R, Cui Y, Ling X Y. Superhydrophobic surface-enhanced raman scattering platform fabricated by assembly of Ag nanocubes for trace molecular sensing. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2013, 5, 11409–11418.

Tang H, Meng G, Huang Q, Zhang Z, Huang Z, Zhu C. Arrays of cone-shaped ZnO nanorods decorated with Ag nanoparticles as 3D surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates for rapid detection of trace polychlorinated biphenyls. Advanced Functional Materials, 2012, 22, 218–224.

Chang S, Combs Z A, Gupta M K, Davis R, Tsukruk V V. In situ growth of silver nanoparticles in porous membranes for surface-enhanced Raman scattering. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2010, 2, 3333–3339.

Zhang B, Wang H, Lu L, Ai K, Zhang G, Cheng X. Large-area silver-coated silicon nanowire arrays for molecular sensing using surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy. Advanced Functional Materials, 2010, 18, 2348–2355.

Yoon I, Kang T, Choi W, Kim J, Yoo Y, Joo S W, Park Q H, Ihee H, Kim B J. Single nanowire on a film as an efficient sers-active platform. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2009, 131, 758–762.

Coluccio M L, Das G, Mecarini F, Gentile F, Pujia A, Bava L, Tallerico R, Candeloro P, Liberale C, Angelis F D, Fabrizio E D. Silver-based surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERSsubstrate fabrication using nanolithography and site selective electroless deposition. Microelectronic Engineering, 2009, 86, 1085–1088.

Jiang X, Lai Y, Yang M, Yang H, Jiang W, Zhan J. Silver nanoparticle aggregates on copper foil for reliable quantitative SERS analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with a portable Raman spectrometer. Analyst, 2012, 137, 3995–4000.

Yang Y, Li Z Y, Yamaguchi K, Tanemura M, Huang Z, Jiang D, Chen Y, Zhou F, Nogami M. Controlled fabrication of silver nanoneedles array for SERS and their application in rapid detection of narcotics. Nanoscale, 2012, 4, 2663–2669.

Wang Y, Wang H, Wang Y, Shen Y, Xu S, Xu W. Plasmondriven dynamic response of a hierarchically structural silverdecorated nanorod array for sub-1nm nanogaps. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2016, 8, 15623–15629.

Pillai Z S, Kamat P V. What factors control the size and shape of silver nanoparticles in the citrate ion reduction method? Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2004, 108, 945–951.

Wustholz K L, Henry A I, Natan M J, Freeman R G, Duyne R P V. Exploring single-molecule SERS and singlenanoparticle plasmon microscopy. Proceedings of SPIE 739–Plasmonics: Metallic Nanostructures and Their Optical Properties VII, 2009, 7394, 739403-1-739403-10.

Privett B J, Youn J, Hong S A, Lee J, Han J, Shin J H, Schoenfisch M H. Antibacterial fluorinated silica colloid superhydrophobic surfaces. Langmuir, 2011, 27, 9597–601.

Banerjee I, Pangule R C, Kane R S. Antifouling coatings: Recent developments in the design of surfaces that prevent fouling by proteins, bacteria, and marine organisms. Advanced Materials, 2011, 23, 690–718.

Shi Q, Vitchuli N, Nowak J, Noar J, Caldwell J M, Breidt F, Bourham M, McCord M, Zhang X. One-step synthesis of silver nanoparticle-filled nylon nanofibers and their antibacterial properties. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2011, 21, 10330–10335.

Senapati S, Srivastava S K, Singh S B, Mishra H N. Magnetic Ni/Ag core–shell nanostructure from prickly Ni nanowire precursor and its catalytic and antibacterial activity. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2012, 22, 6899–6906.

Cui J, Hu C, Yang Y, Wu Y, Yang L, Wang Y, Liu Y, Jiang Z. Facile fabrication of carbonaceous nanospheres loaded with silver nanoparticles as antibacterial materials. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2012, 22, 8121–8126.

Roach P, Shirtcliffe N J, Farrar D, Perry C C. Quantification of surface-bound proteins by fluorometric assay: Comparison with quartz crystal microbalance and amido black assay. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 2006, 110, 20572–20579.

Koc Y, de Mello A J, Mchale G, Newton M I, Roach P, Shirtcliffe N J. Nano-scale superhydrophobicity: Suppression of protein adsorption and promotion of flow-induced detachment. Lab on a Chip, 2008, 8, 582–586.

Zhang X, Wang L, Levänen E. Superhydrophobic surfaces for the reduction of bacterial adhesion. RSC Advances, 2013, 3, 12003–12020.

Heinonen S, Huttunen-Saarivirta E, Nikkanen J P, Raulio M, Priha O, Laakso J, Storgards E, Levänen E. Antibacterial properties and chemical stability of superhydrophobic silver-containing surface produced by sol–gel route. Colloids & Surfaces A, 2014, 453, 149–161.

Che P, Liu W, Chang X, Wang A, Han Y. Multifunctional silver film with superhydrophobic and antibacterial properties. Nano Research, 2016, 9, 442–450.

Rai M, Yadav A, Gade A. Silver nanoparticles as a new generation of antimicrobials. Biotechnology Advances, 2009, 27, 76–83.

Choi O, Deng K, Kim N, Ross L, Surampalli R, Hu Z. The inhibitory effects of silver nanoparticles, silver ions, and silver chloride colloids on microbial growth. Water Research, 2008, 42, 3066–3074.

Choi O, Hu Z. Size dependent and reactive oxygen species related nanosilver toxicity to nitrifying bacteria. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008, 42, 4583–4588.

Reyes-Vidal Y, Suarez-Rojas R, Ruiz C, Torres J, Stefan T, Méndez A, Trejo G. Electrodeposition, characterization, and antibacterial activity of zinc/silver particle composite coatings. Applied Surface Science, 2015, 342, 34–41.

Morones J R, Elechiguerra J L, Camacho A, Holt K, Kouri J B, Ramirez J T, Yacaman M J. The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles. Nanotechnology, 2005, 16, 2346–2353.

AshaRani P V, Low Kah Mun G, Hande M P, Valiyaveettil S. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in human cells. ACS Nano, 2008, 3, 279–290.

Latthe S S, Sudhagar P, Devadoss A, Kumar A M, Liu S, Terashima C, Nakataa K, Fujishima A. A mechanically bendable superhydrophobic steel surface with self-cleaning and corrosion-resistant properties. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2015, 3, 14263–14271.

Li L, Zhang Y, Lei J, He J, Lv R, Li N, Pan F. A facile approach to fabricate superhydrophobic Zn surface and its effect on corrosion resistance. Corrosion Science, 2014, 85, 174–182.

Tao L, Chen S, Sha C, Tian J, Chang X, Yin Y. Corrosion behavior of super-hydrophobic surface on copper in seawater. Electrochimica Acta, 2007, 52, 8003–8007.

Wang P, Zhang D, Qiu R, Wan Y, Wu J. Green approach to fabrication of a super-hydrophobic film on copper and the consequent corrosion resistance. Corrosion Science, 2014, 80, 366–373.

Ebert D, Bhushan B. Transparent, superhydrophobic, and wear-resistant coatings on glass and polymer substrates using SiO2, ZnO, and ITO nanoparticles. Langmuir, 2012, 28, 11391–11399.