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Dạng từ li hợp tức là từ li, đây là từ trong ngữ pháp tiếng Việt, t...
- Hợp tác
- Hợp lý
- Hợp nhất
- Hợp pháp
- Hợp đồng
- Hợp khẩu
- Hợp âm
- Hợp tình
- Hợp hội
Dạng từ li hợp tức là từ li, đây là từ trong ngữ pháp tiếng Việt, thường kèm với các từ như hợp lý, hợp tác, hợp đồng để tạo thành các cụm từ mang nghĩa về sự đồng ý, phù hợp, hoặc sự kết hợp.
"Từ li hợp" cũng có thể ám chỉ những từ được lựa chọn và kết hợp với nhau một cách logic và hợp lý trong văn phạm để tạo thành một câu hoặc một đoạn văn ý nghĩa. Trên thực tế, việc sử dụng từ li hợp một cách đúng đắn là một kỹ năng quan trọng trong việc viết và diễn đạt.
Effects of Disturbed Flow on Vascular Endothelium: Pathophysiological Basis and Clinical Perspectives Physiological Reviews - Tập 91 Số 1 - Trang 327-387 - 2011
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are exposed to hemodynamic forces, which modulate EC functions and vascular biology/pathobiology in health and disease. The flow patterns and hemodynamic forces are not uniform in the vascular system. In straight parts of the arterial tree, blood flow is generally laminar and wall shear stress is high and directed; in branches and curvatures, blood flow is disturbed with nonuniform and irregular distribution of low wall shear stress. Sustained laminar flow with high shear stress upregulates expressions of EC genes and proteins that are protective against atherosclerosis, whereas disturbed flow with associated reciprocating, low shear stress generally upregulates the EC genes and proteins that promote atherogenesis. These findings have led to the concept that the disturbed flow pattern in branch points and curvatures causes the preferential localization of atherosclerotic lesions. Disturbed flow also results in postsurgical neointimal hyperplasia and contributes to pathophysiology of clinical conditions such as in-stent restenosis, vein bypass graft failure, and transplant vasculopathy, as well as aortic valve calcification. In the venous system, disturbed flow resulting from reflux, outflow obstruction, and/or stasis leads to venous inflammation and thrombosis, and hence the development of chronic venous diseases. Understanding of the effects of disturbed flow on ECs can provide mechanistic insights into the role of complex flow patterns in pathogenesis of vascular diseases and can help to elucidate the phenotypic and functional differences between quiescent (nonatherogenic/nonthrombogenic) and activated (atherogenic/thrombogenic) ECs. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the role of disturbed flow in EC physiology and pathophysiology, as well as its clinical implications. Such information can contribute to our understanding of the etiology of lesion development in vascular niches with disturbed flow and help to generate new approaches for therapeutic interventions.
Oscillatory nature of human basal ganglia activity: Relationship to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease Movement Disorders - Tập 18 Số 4 - Trang 357-363 - 2003
AbstractAlterations of basal ganglia physiology in parkinsonism may consist of two elements, an increase in the firing rate of neurones and a change in the pattern of synchronisation of discharges between neurones. Recent findings suggest the presence of two principal modes of synchronised activity within the human subthalamo‐pallidal‐thalamo‐cortical circuit, at <30 Hz and >60 Hz. These oscillations are dynamically and systematically modulated by task, thereby suggesting a functional role in movement. More importantly, the two frequency modes are inversely affected by movement, consistent with opposing actions, and differentially expressed according to the prevailing level of dopaminergic activity. It is argued that the balance between these modes determines the effects of basal ganglia‐thalamocortical projections on the motor areas of the cortex. The lower frequency oscillations facilitate slow idling rhythms in the motor areas of the cortex, whereas synchronisation at high frequency restores dynamic task‐related cortical ensemble activity in the gamma band.© 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Longitudinal pathways linking child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer relations, and psychopathology Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines - Tập 51 Số 6 - Trang 706-716 - 2010
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate longitudinal relations among child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer acceptance and rejection, and psychopathology.Methods: Data were collected on 215 maltreated and 206 nonmaltreated children (ages 6–12 years) from low‐income families. Children were evaluated by camp counselors on emotion regulation and internalizing and externalizing symptomatology and were nominated by peers for peer acceptance and rejection.Results: Structural equation modeling analyses revealed that experiencing neglect, physical and/or sexual abuse, multiple maltreatment subtypes, and earlier onset of maltreatment were related to emotion dysregulation. Lower emotion regulation (Time 1) was associated with higher externalizing symptomatology (Time 1) that contributed to later peer rejection (Time 2), which in turn was related to higher externalizing symptomatology (Time 2). Conversely, higher emotion regulation was predictive of higher peer acceptance over time, which was related to lower internalizing symptomatology controlling for initial levels of symptomatology.Conclusions: The findings emphasize the important role of emotion regulation as a risk or a protective mechanism in the link between earlier child maltreatment and later psychopathology through its influences on peer relations.
Adefovir dipivoxil alone or in combination with lamivudine in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B 1 1The Adefovir Dipivoxil International 461 Study Group includes the following: N. Afdhal (Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA); P. Angus (Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre, Melbourne, Australia); Y. Benhamou (Hopital La Pitie Salpetriere, Paris, France); M. Bourliere (Hopital Saint Joseph, Marseille, France); P. Buggisch (Universitaetsklinikum Eppendorf, Department of Medicine, Hamburg, Germany); P. Couzigou (Hopital Haut Leveque, Pessac, France); P. Ducrotte and G. Riachi (Hopital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France); E. Jenny Heathcote (Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada); H. W. Hann (Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA); I. Jacobson (New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY); K. Kowdley (University of Washington Hepatology Center, Seattle, WA); P. Marcellin (Hopital Beaujon, Clichy, France); P. Martin (Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA); J. M. Metreau (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri Mondor, Creteil, France); M. G. Peters (University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA); R. Rubin (Piedmont Hospital, Atlanta, GA); S. Sacks (Viridae Clinical Sciences, Inc., Vancouver, Canada); H. Thomas (St. Mary’s Hospital, London, England); C. Trepo (Hopital Hôtel Dieu, Lyon, France); D. Vetter (Hopital Civil, Strasbourg, France); C. L. Brosgart, R. Ebrahimi, J. Fry, C. Gibbs, K. Kleber, J. Rooney, M. Sullivan, P. Vig, C. Westland, M. Wulfsohn, and S. Xiong (Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA); D. F. Gray (GlaxoSmithKline, Greenford, Middlesex, England); R. Schilling and V. Ferry (Parexel International, Waltham, MA); and D. Hunt (Covance Laboratories, Princeton, NJ). Gastroenterology - Tập 126 Số 1 - Trang 91-101 - 2004