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Fertilizer is a substance that is added to soil or plants to provide essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. This helps to improve the ...
Fertilizer is a substance that is added to soil or plants to provide essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. This helps to improve the fertility and health of the soil, and promotes the growth and development of plants. There are different types of fertilizers, including organic fertilizers made from natural materials such as compost and manure, and synthetic fertilizers that are chemically produced. Fertilizers are commonly used in agriculture to enhance crop yields and in gardening to improve the health of plants. However, excessive use of fertilizers can lead to environmental pollution and damage to ecosystems.
Fertilizers can be categorized based on their nutrient content, with three primary types being:
1. Nitrogen (N) fertilizers: These are used to stimulate the growth of leaves and stems. They are essential for the photosynthesis process and the overall green color of plants. Examples include urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate.
2. Phosphorus (P) fertilizers: These are important for root growth and flower/fruit development. Phosphorus also plays a crucial role in energy transfer within the plant. Examples include superphosphate and triple superphosphate.
3. Potassium (K) fertilizers: These are responsible for overall plant health, disease resistance, and water uptake. They also contribute to the quality of fruits and seeds. Examples include potassium chloride and potassium sulfate.
In addition to these primary nutrients, fertilizers may also contain secondary nutrients like calcium, magnesium, and sulfur, as well as micronutrients like iron, zinc, copper, and manganese, which are required in smaller quantities but are still crucial for plant growth.
It's important to use fertilizers carefully and to follow recommended application rates to avoid over-fertilization, which can lead to nutrient runoff and soil and water pollution. Some environmentally conscious practices include using slow-release fertilizers, incorporating organic matter into the soil, and practicing crop rotation to maintain soil fertility.
New technologies reduce greenhouse gas emissions from nitrogenous fertilizer in China Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America - Tập 110 Số 21 - Trang 8375-8380 - 2013
Synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizer has played a key role in enhancing food production and keeping half of the world’s population adequately fed. However, decades of N fertilizer overuse in many parts of the world have contributed to soil, water, and air pollution; reducing excessive N losses and emissions is a central environmental challenge in the 21st century. China’s participation is essential to global efforts in reducing N-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions because China is the largest producer and consumer of fertilizer N. To evaluate the impact of China’s use of N fertilizer, we quantify the carbon footprint of China’s N fertilizer production and consumption chain using life cycle analysis. For every ton of N fertilizer manufactured and used, 13.5 tons of CO2-equivalent (eq) (t CO2-eq) is emitted, compared with 9.7 t CO2-eq in Europe. Emissions in China tripled from 1980 [131 terrogram (Tg) of CO2-eq (Tg CO2-eq)] to 2010 (452 Tg CO2-eq). N fertilizer-related emissions constitute about 7% of GHG emissions from the entire Chinese economy and exceed soil carbon gain resulting from N fertilizer use by several-fold. We identified potential emission reductions by comparing prevailing technologies and management practices in China with more advanced options worldwide. Mitigation opportunities include improving methane recovery during coal mining, enhancing energy efficiency in fertilizer manufacture, and minimizing N overuse in field-level crop production. We find that use of advanced technologies could cut N fertilizer-related emissions by 20–63%, amounting to 102–357 Tg CO2-eq annually. Such reduction would decrease China’s total GHG emissions by 2–6%, which is significant on a global scale.
Long-term fate of nitrate fertilizer in agricultural soils Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America - Tập 110 Số 45 - Trang 18185-18189 - 2013
Significance
Fertilizers are of key importance to sustain modern agriculture, but the long-term fate of fertilizer-derived nitrogen in the plant–soil–water system is not fully understood. This long-term tracer study revealed that three decades after application of isotopically labeled fertilizer N to agricultural soils in 1982, 12–15% of the fertilizer-derived N was still residing in the soil organic matter, while 8–12% of the fertilizer N had already leaked toward the groundwater. Part of the remaining fertilizer N still residing in the soil is predicted to continue to be taken up by crops and to leak toward the groundwater in the form of nitrate for at least another five decades, much longer than previously thought.
Global nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer use for agriculture production in the past half century: shifted hot spots and nutrient imbalance Earth System Science Data - Tập 9 Số 1 - Trang 181-192
Abstract. In addition to enhancing agricultural productivity, synthetic nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) fertilizer application in croplands dramatically alters global nutrient budget, water quality, greenhouse gas balance, and their feedback to the climate system. However, due to the lack of geospatial fertilizer input data, current Earth system and land surface modeling studies have to ignore or use oversimplified data (e.g., static, spatially uniform fertilizer use) to characterize agricultural N and P input over decadal or century-long periods. In this study, we therefore develop global time series gridded data of annual synthetic N and P fertilizer use rate in agricultural lands, matched with HYDE 3.2 historical land use maps, at a resolution of 0.5° × 0.5° latitude–longitude during 1961–2013. Our data indicate N and P fertilizer use rates on per unit cropland area increased by approximately 8 times and 3 times, respectively, since the year 1961 when IFA (International Fertilizer Industry Association) and FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) surveys of country-level fertilizer input became available. Considering cropland expansion, the increase in total fertilizer consumption is even larger. Hotspots of agricultural N fertilizer application shifted from the US and western Europe in the 1960s to eastern Asia in the early 21st century. P fertilizer input shows a similar pattern with an additional current hotspot in Brazil. We found a global increase in fertilizer N ∕ P ratio by 0.8 g N g−1 P per decade (p < 0.05) during 1961–2013, which may have an important global implication for human impacts on agroecosystem functions in the long run. Our data can serve as one of critical input drivers for regional and global models to assess the impacts of nutrient enrichment on climate system, water resources, food security, etc. Datasets available at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.863323.
Estimation of global NH<sub>3</sub>volatilization loss from synthetic fertilizers and animal manure applied to arable lands and grasslands Global Biogeochemical Cycles - Tập 16 Số 2 - 2002
One of the main causes of the low efficiency in nitrogen (N) use by crops is the volatilization of ammonia (NH3) from fertilizers. Information taken from 1667 NH3volatilization measurements documented in 148 research papers was summarized to assess the influence on NH3volatilization of crop type, fertilizer type, and rate and mode of application and temperature, as well as soil organic carbon, texture, pH, CEC, measurement technique, and measurement location. The data set was summarized in three ways: (1) by calculating means for each of the factors mentioned, in which findings from each research paper were weighted equally; (2) by calculating weighted median values corrected for unbalanced features of the collected data; and (3) by developing a summary model using linear regression based on weighted median values for NH3volatilization and by calculating global NH3volatilization losses from fertilizer application using 0.5° resolution data on land use and soils. The calculated median NH3loss from global application of synthetic N fertilizers (78 million tons N per year) and animal manure (33 million tons N per year) amount to 14% (10–19%) and 23% (19–29%), respectively. In developing countries, because of high temperatures and the widespread use of urea, ammonium sulfate, and ammonium bicarbonate, estimated NH3volatilization loss from synthetic fertilizers amounts to 18%, and in industrialized countries it amounts to 7%. The estimated NH3loss from animal manure is 21% in industrialized and 26% in developing countries.
Nonlinear response of N<sub>2</sub>O flux to incremental fertilizer addition in a continuous maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) cropping system Global Change Biology - Tập 11 Số 10 - Trang 1712-1719 - 2005
AbstractThe relationship between nitrous oxide (N2O) flux and N availability in agricultural ecosystems is usually assumed to be linear, with the same proportion of nitrogen lost as N2O regardless of input level. We conducted a 3‐year, high‐resolution N fertilizer response study in southwest Michigan USA to test the hypothesis that N2O fluxes increase mainly in response to N additions that exceed crop N needs. We added urea ammonium nitrate or granular urea at nine levels (0–292 kg N ha−1) to four replicate plots of continuous maize. We measured N2O fluxes and available soil N biweekly following fertilization and grain yields at the end of the growing season. From 2001 to 2003 N2O fluxes were moderately low (ca. 20 g N2O‐N ha−1 day−1) at levels of N addition to 101 kg N ha−1, where grain yields were maximized, after which fluxes more than doubled (to >50 g N2O‐N ha−1 day−1). This threshold N2O response to N fertilization suggests that agricultural N2O fluxes could be reduced with no or little yield penalty by reducing N fertilizer inputs to levels that just satisfy crop needs.
