Ethanol là gì? Các công bố khoa học về Ethanol

Nghiên cứu sự phân hủy lipid trong cá đông lạnh đã dẫn đến việc phát triển một phương pháp đơn giản và nhanh chóng để chiết xuất và tinh chế lipid từ các vật liệu sinh học. Toàn bộ quy trình có thể được thực hiện trong khoảng 10 phút; nó hiệu quả, có thể tái lập và không có sự thao tác gây hại. Mô ướt được đồng nhất hóa với hỗn hợp chloroform và methanol theo tỷ lệ sao cho hệ thống tan được hình thành với nước trong mô. Sau khi pha loãng với chloroform và nước, dịch đồng nhất được phân tách thành hai lớp, lớp chloroform chứa toàn bộ lipid và lớp methanol chứa tất cả các hợp chất không phải là lipid. Một chiết xuất lipid tinh khiết được thu nhận chỉ đơn giản bằng cách tách lớp chloroform. Phương pháp này đã được áp dụng cho cơ cá và có thể dễ dàng thích nghi để sử dụng với các mô khác.

Negative environmental consequences of fossil fuels and concerns about petroleum supplies have spurred the search for renewable transportation biofuels. To be a viable alternative, a biofuel should provide a net energy gain, have environmental benefits, be economically competitive, and be producible in large quantities without reducing food supplies. We use these criteria to evaluate, through life-cycle accounting, ethanol from corn grain and biodiesel from soybeans. Ethanol yields 25% more energy than the energy invested in its production, whereas biodiesel yields 93% more. Compared with ethanol, biodiesel releases just 1.0%, 8.3%, and 13% of the agricultural nitrogen, phosphorus, and pesticide pollutants, respectively, per net energy gain. Relative to the fossil fuels they displace, greenhouse gas emissions are reduced 12% by the production and combustion of ethanol and 41% by biodiesel. Biodiesel also releases less air pollutants per net energy gain than ethanol. These advantages of biodiesel over ethanol come from lower agricultural inputs and more efficient conversion of feedstocks to fuel. Neither biofuel can replace much petroleum without impacting food supplies. Even dedicating all U.S. corn and soybean production to biofuels would meet only 12% of gasoline demand and 6% of diesel demand. Until recent increases in petroleum prices, high production costs made biofuels unprofitable without subsidies. Biodiesel provides sufficient environmental advantages to merit subsidy. Transportation biofuels such as synfuel hydrocarbons or cellulosic ethanol, if produced from low-input biomass grown on agriculturally marginal land or from waste biomass, could provide much greater supplies and environmental benefits than food-based biofuels.

To study the potential effects of increased biofuel use, we evaluated six representative analyses of fuel ethanol. Studies that reported negative net energy incorrectly ignored coproducts and used some obsolete data. All studies indicated that current corn ethanol technologies are much less petroleum-intensive than gasoline but have greenhouse gas emissions similar to those of gasoline. However, many important environmental effects of biofuel production are poorly understood. New metrics that measure specific resource inputs are developed, but further research into environmental metrics is needed. Nonetheless, it is already clear that large-scale use of ethanol for fuel will almost certainly require cellulosic technology.

Based on the achievement of synthesis of ZnO nanowires in mass production, ZnO nanowires gas sensors were fabricated with microelectromechanical system technology and ethanol-sensing characteristics were investigated. The sensor exhibited high sensitivity and fast response to ethanol gas at a work temperature of 300 °C. Our results demonstrate the potential application of ZnO nanowires for fabricating highly sensitive gas sensors.