Ethanol Có Thể Góp Phần Đạt Được Các Mục Tiêu Về Năng Lượng và Môi Trường
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S. C. Davis S. W. Diegel Transportation Energy Data Book (Technical Report No. ORNL-6973 Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 2004).
If only cellulosic ethanol production capacity is added only 4.8 billion gallons will be required because of preferential credit provisions.
“Implications of Increased Ethanol Production for U.S. Agriculture” (Report No. 10-05 Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute Univ. of Missouri Columbia MO 2005). Also available at www.fapri.missouri.edu/outreach/publications/2005/FAPRI_UMC_Report_10_05.pdf.
By convention photosynthetic energy is ignored in this calculation.
H. Shapouri, J. A. Duffield, M. Wang, Trans. ASAE46, 959 (2003).
Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online. Additional information is available including the working EBAMM model at http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~rael/EBAMM.
H. Shapouri A. McAloon “The 2001 net energy balance of corn ethanol” (U.S. Department of Agriculture Washington DC 2004). Also available at www.usda.gov/oce/oepnu.
M. Graboski “Fossil energy use in the manufacture of corn ethanol” (National Corn Growers Association Washington DC 2002). Also available at www.ncga.com/ethanol/main.
M. Wang “Development and use of GREET 1.6 fuel-cycle model for transportation fuels and vehicle technologies” (Tech. Rep. ANL/ESD/TM-163 Argonne National Laboratory Argonne IL 2001). Also available at www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/153.pdf.
M. A. Delucchi “Conceptual and methodological issues in lifecycle analyses of transportation fuels” (Tech. Rep. UCD-ITS-RR-04-45 Univ. of California Davis 2004). Also available at www.its.ucdavis.edu/publications/2004/UCD-ITS-RR-04-45.pdf.
Factors eliminated were labor transportation labor food energy and process water energy. The first two were deemed outside the system boundaries. Process water energy was included in one study but was insufficiently documented. Factors added were farm machinery energy inputs packaging and effluent processing energy. The metric for petroleum use included crude oil used as a feedstock for gasoline and the metric for GHGs included end-use (tailpipe) fossil emissions ( 10 ).
More information is available at www.redtrailenergyllc.com.
R. D. Perlack L. L. Wright A. Turhollow R. Graham B. Stokes D. Erbach “Biomass as feedstock for a bioenergy and bioproducts industry: The technical feasibility of a billion-ton annual supply” (Tech. Rep. ORNL/TM-2006/66 Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 2005). Also available at http://feedstockreview.ornl.gov/pdf/billion_ton_vision.pdf.
L. B. Lave, W. Griffin, H. McLean, Issues Sci. Technol.18, 73 (2001).
This research was made possible through support from the Energy Foundation and the Karsten Family Foundation (both to D.M.K.) and NSF's Climate Decision Making Center at Carnegie Mellon University (SES-034578) (to A.E.F.) and Graduate Research Fellowship program (to A.D.J.). The authors thank J. Thompson D. Greene M. DeLucchi M. Wang and an anonymous reviewer for assistance and valuable comments.