Wiley

Phân hủy DNA, nồng độ DNA thấp và đột biến vị trí mồi có thể dẫn đến việc phân công sai kiểu hình gen microsatellite, gây sai lệch cho các phân tích di truyền học quần thể. micro‐checker là phần mềm dựa trên giao diện windows® để kiểm tra kiểu hình gen của microsatellite từ các quần thể lưỡng bội. Chương trình hỗ trợ nhận diện lỗi kiểu hình gen do các allele không khuếch đại (allele ẩn), hiện tượng ưu thế allele ngắn (rơi allele lớn), và việc ghi nhận các đỉnh kẻ. Chương trình cũng phát hiện lỗi đánh máy. micro‐checker ước tính tần số của allele ẩn và quan trọng hơn, có thể điều chỉnh tần số allele và kiểu hình gen của các allele đã được khuếch đại, cho phép sử dụng chúng trong các phân tích di truyền học quần thể tiếp theo. micro‐checker có thể được tải về miễn phí từ http://www.microchecker.hull.ac.uk/.

Investigating diversity in asexual organisms using molecular markers involves the assignment of individuals to clonal lineages and the subsequent analysis of clonal diversity. Assignment is possible using a distance matrix in combination with a user‐specified threshold, defined as the maximum distance between two individuals that are considered to belong to the same clonal lineage. Analysis of clonal diversity requires tests for differences in diversity and clonal composition between populations. We developed two programs,genotypeandgenodivefor such analyses of clonal diversity in asexually reproducing organisms. Additionally,genotypecan be used for detecting genotyping errors in studies of sexual organisms.

We present a method to size DNA fragments from 50 to 800 bp on a DNA analyser using an alternative size standard (X‐Rhodamine MapMarker 1000) run on a capillary electrophoresis system (Applied Biosystem's 3730 DNA Analyser). This method avoids several limitations imposed by manufacturer‐developed size standards, instruments and software and offers a more robust approach to conducting DNA size fragment analyses.

champuru is an interactive, user‐friendly web software that facilitates the deconvolution of mixed chromatograms obtained when sequencing directly mixtures of two DNA templates of unequal lengths. The program takes as input two strings of characters describing the forward and reverse chromatograms as obtained by direct sequencing and returns, most often after several iterations aimed at correcting basecalling errors, the sequences of the two templates present in the mixture. champuru was written in perl, with a web interface accessible online at http://134.157.186.185/champuru/champuru.htm.

Seven polymorphic microsatellites were developed in olive. Six of them came from a genomic library enriched for GA and CA repeat sequences. They showed single locus polymorphism in a set of 23 olive cultivars (from six to nine alleles per locus). Three different pairs of loci were sufficient to discriminate all cultivars. The other polymorphic primer pair was designed from a published sequence for olive lupeol sgutase and revealed just two alleles. The seven primer pairs were tested on two accessions of five other species of the Oleaceae and three, EMO2, EMO13 and EMO90, revealed polymorphism in two, four and three species, respectively.

spag e d i version 1.0 is a software primarily designed to characterize the spatial genetic structure of mapped individuals or populations using genotype data of codominant markers. It computes various statistics describing genetic relatedness or differentiation between individuals or populations by pairwise comparisons and tests their significance by appropriate numerical resampling. spag e d i is useful for: (i) detecting isolation by distance within or among populations and estimating gene dispersal parameters; (ii) assessing genetic relatedness between individuals and its actual variance, a parameter of interest for marker based inferences of quantitative inheritance; (iii) assessing genetic differentiation among populations, including the case of haploids or autopolyploids.

The Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) is a commercially important bivalve in southeastern Australian. We describe the isolation and characterization of nine microsatellite markers for S. glomerata. The loci are highly polymorphic, with between five and 20 alleles identified among 30 individuals. Expected heterozygosity levels ranged from 0.608 to 0.936. The markers will be used to study natural dispersal, translocations and population structure. We will also use the microsatellites to test the genetic effects of QX disease on oyster populations. This infectious parasitic disease has decimated S. glomerata productivity in a number of areas over the past few decades.

In molecular ecology the analysis of large microsatellite data sets is becoming increasingly popular. Here we introduce a new software tool, which is specifically designed to facilitate the analysis of large microsatellite data sets. All common microsatellite summary statistics and distances can be calculated. Furthermore, the microsatellite analyser (msa) software offers an improved method to deal with inbred samples (such as Drosophila isofemale lines). Executables are available for Windows and Macintosh computers.

We report 47 new simple sequence repeats (SSRs) obtained from a CT/AG enriched genomic library of almond cv. Texas (syn. Mission). Forty‐two of them were polymorphic in a sample of eight almond cultivars and 31 of these were single‐locus. The average values of the number of alleles per locus (6.6), and mean observed (65%) and expected (76%) heterozygosities for these 31 SSRs indicated a high level of variability. All cultivars studied could be individually identified using any one of the five SSRs. Transportability to other Prunus species (peach, sweet cherry, Japanese plum and apricot) was also high (83–100%).

In analysis of multilocus genotypes from structured populations, individual coefficients of membership in subpopulations are often estimated using programs such as structure. distruct provides a general method for visualizing these estimated membership coefficients. Subpopulations are represented as colours, and individuals are depicted as bars partitioned into coloured segments that correspond to membership coefficients in the subgroups. distruct, available at http://www.cmb.usc.edu/~noahr/distruct.html, can also be used to display subpopulation assignment probabilities when individuals are assumed to have ancestry in only one group.