Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops Tập 274 Số 1608 - Trang 303-313 - 2007
Alexandra‐Maria Klein, Bernard Vaissière, James H. Cane, Ingolf Steffan‐Dewenter, Saul A. Cunningham, Claire Kremen, Teja Tscharntke
The extent of our reliance on animal pollination for world crop production for
human food has not previously been evaluated and the previous estimates for
countries or continents have seldom used primary data. In this review, we expand
the previous estimates using novel primary data from 200 countries and found
that fruit, vegetable or seed production from 87 of the leading global food
crops is de... hiện toàn bộ
Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age Tập 282 Số 1821 - Trang 20143085 - 2015
James H. Shelhamer, Georg A. Holländer, Andrew J. McMichael
This article reviews the development of the immune response through neonatal,
infant and adult life, including pregnancy, ending with the decline in old age.
A picture emerges of a child born with an immature, innate and adaptive immune
system, which matures and acquires memory as he or she grows. It then goes into
decline in old age. These changes are considered alongside the risks of
different t... hiện toàn bộ
A global analysis of the impacts of urbanization on bird and plant diversity reveals key anthropogenic drivers Tập 281 Số 1780 - Trang 20133330 - 2014
Myla F. J. Aronson, Frank A. La Sorte, Charles H. Nilon, Madhusudan Katti, Mark A. Goddard, Christopher A. Lepczyk, Paige S. Warren, Nick Williams, Sarel S. Cilliers, Bruce D. Clarkson, Cynnamon Dobbs, Rebecca W. Dolan, Marcus Hedblom, Stefan Klotz, Jip Louwe Kooijmans, Ingolf Kühn, Ian MacGregor‐Fors, Mark J. McDonnell, Ulla Mörtberg, Petr Pyšek, S.J. Siebert, Jessica R. Sushinsky, P. Werner, Marten Winter
Urbanization contributes to the loss of the world's biodiversity and the
homogenization of its biota. However, comparative studies of urban biodiversity
leading to robust generalities of the status and drivers of biodiversity in
cities at the global scale are lacking. Here, we compiled the largest global
dataset to date of two diverse taxa in cities: birds (54 cities) and plants (110
cities). We f... hiện toàn bộ
How generation intervals shape the relationship between growth rates and reproductive numbers Tập 274 Số 1609 - Trang 599-604 - 2007
Jacco Wallinga, Marc Lipsitch
Mathematical models of transmission have become invaluable management tools in
planning for the control of emerging infectious diseases. A key variable in such
models is the reproductive numberR. For new emerging infectious diseases, the
value of the reproductive number can only be inferred indirectly from the
observed exponential epidemic growth rater. Such inference is ambiguous as
several diffe... hiện toàn bộ
The role of zooxanthellae in the thermal tolerance of corals: a ‘nugget of hope’ for coral reefs in an era of climate change Tập 273 Số 1599 - Trang 2305-2312 - 2006
Ray Berkelmans, Madeleine J. H. van Oppen
The ability of coral reefs to survive the projected increases in temperature due
to global warming will depend largely on the ability of corals to adapt or
acclimatize to increased temperature extremes over the next few decades. Many
coral species are highly sensitive to temperature stress and the number of
stress (bleaching) episodes has increased in recent decades. We investigated the
acclimatiz... hiện toàn bộ