Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops Tập 274 Số 1608 - Trang 303-313 - 2007
Alexandra‐Maria Klein, Bernard Vaissière, James H. Cane, Ingolf Steffan‐Dewenter, Saul A. Cunningham, Claire Kremen, Teja Tscharntke
The extent of our reliance on animal pollination for world crop production for human food has not previously been evaluated and the previous estimates for countries or continents have seldom used primary data. In this review, we expand the previous estimates using novel primary data from 200 countries and found that fruit, vegetable or seed production from 87 of the leading global food cro...... hiện toàn bộ Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age Tập 282 Số 1821 - Trang 20143085 - 2015
James H. Shelhamer, Georg A. Holländer, Andrew J. McMichael
This article reviews the development of the immune response through neonatal, infant and adult life, including pregnancy, ending with the decline in old age. A picture emerges of a child born with an immature, innate and adaptive immune system, which matures and acquires memory as he or she grows. It then goes into decline in old age. These changes are considered alongside the risks of dif...... hiện toàn bộ A global analysis of the impacts of urbanization on bird and plant diversity reveals key anthropogenic drivers Tập 281 Số 1780 - Trang 20133330 - 2014
Myla F. J. Aronson, Frank A. La Sorte, Charles H. Nilon, Madhusudan Katti, Mark A. Goddard, Christopher A. Lepczyk, Paige S. Warren, Nick Williams, Sarel S. Cilliers, Bruce D. Clarkson, Cynnamon Dobbs, Rebecca W. Dolan, Marcus Hedblom, Stefan Klotz, Jip Louwe Kooijmans, Ingolf Kühn, Ian MacGregor‐Fors, Mark J. McDonnell, Ulla Mörtberg, Petr Pyšek, S.J. Siebert, Jessica R. Sushinsky, P. Werner, Marten Winter
Urbanization contributes to the loss of the world's biodiversity and the homogenization of its biota. However, comparative studies of urban biodiversity leading to robust generalities of the status and drivers of biodiversity in cities at the global scale are lacking. Here, we compiled the largest global dataset to date of two diverse taxa in cities: birds (54 cities) and plan...... hiện toàn bộ How generation intervals shape the relationship between growth rates and reproductive numbers Tập 274 Số 1609 - Trang 599-604 - 2007
Jacco Wallinga, Marc Lipsitch
Mathematical models of transmission have become invaluable management tools in planning for the control of emerging infectious diseases. A key variable in such models is the reproductive numberR. For new emerging infectious diseases, the value of the reproductive number can only be inferred indirectly from the observed exponential epidemic growth rate... hiện toàn bộ