A global analysis of the impacts of urbanization on bird and plant diversity reveals key anthropogenic drivers

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences - Tập 281 Số 1780 - Trang 20133330 - 2014
Myla F. J. Aronson1, Frank A. La Sorte2, Charles H. Nilon3, Madhusudan Katti4, Mark A. Goddard5, Christopher A. Lepczyk6, Paige S. Warren7, Nick Williams8,9, Sarel S. Cilliers10, Bruce D. Clarkson11,12, Cynnamon Dobbs13, Rebecca W. Dolan14, Marcus Hedblom15, Stefan Klotz16, Jip Louwe Kooijmans17, Ingolf Kühn16, Ian MacGregor‐Fors18, Mark J. McDonnell8, Ulla Mörtberg19, Petr Pyšek20,21,22, S.J. Siebert10, Jessica R. Sushinsky23, P. Werner24, Marten Winter25
1Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
2Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
3Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
4Department of Biology, California State University, Fresno, CA 93740, USA
5School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
6Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
7Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
8Australian Research Centre for Urban Ecology, Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne, c/o School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
9School of Land and Environment, Department of Resource Management and Geography, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, Victoria 3070, Australia
10Unit of Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
11Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
12University of Waikato
13School of Botany and School of Land and Environment, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
14Friesner Herbarium, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
15Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 901 83, Sweden
16Department Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Research–UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, Halle 06120, Germany
17Vogelbescherming Nederland, Boulevard 12, B3707 BM, Zeist, The Netherlands
18Red de Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Antigua carretera a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91070, México
19Environmental Management and Assessment Research Group, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
20DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa
21Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Charles University Prague, Viničná 7, Prague 2 12843, Czech Republic
22Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Průhonice 25243, Czech Republic
23School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
24Institute for Housing and Environment, Darmstadt 64295, Germany
25German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig 04103, Germany

Tóm tắt

Urbanization contributes to the loss of the world's biodiversity and the homogenization of its biota. However, comparative studies of urban biodiversity leading to robust generalities of the status and drivers of biodiversity in cities at the global scale are lacking. Here, we compiled the largest global dataset to date of two diverse taxa in cities: birds (54 cities) and plants (110 cities). We found that the majority of urban bird and plant species are native in the world's cities. Few plants and birds are cosmopolitan, the most common being Columba livia and Poa annua . The density of bird and plant species (the number of species per km 2 ) has declined substantially: only 8% of native bird and 25% of native plant species are currently present compared with estimates of non-urban density of species. The current density of species in cities and the loss in density of species was best explained by anthropogenic features (landcover, city age) rather than by non-anthropogenic factors (geography, climate, topography). As urbanization continues to expand, efforts directed towards the conservation of intact vegetation within urban landscapes could support higher concentrations of both bird and plant species. Despite declines in the density of species, cities still retain endemic native species, thus providing opportunities for regional and global biodiversity conservation, restoration and education.

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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Tập 281 Số 1780

20133330

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