Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops
Tóm tắt
The extent of our reliance on animal pollination for world crop production for human food has not previously been evaluated and the previous estimates for countries or continents have seldom used primary data. In this review, we expand the previous estimates using novel primary data from 200 countries and found that fruit, vegetable or seed production from 87 of the leading global food crops is dependent upon animal pollination, while 28 crops do not rely upon animal pollination. However, global production volumes give a contrasting perspective, since 60% of global production comes from crops that do not depend on animal pollination, 35% from crops that depend on pollinators, and 5% are unevaluated. Using all crops traded on the world market and setting aside crops that are solely passively self-pollinated, wind-pollinated or parthenocarpic, we then evaluated the level of dependence on animal-mediated pollination for crops that are directly consumed by humans. We found that pollinators are essential for 13 crops, production is highly pollinator dependent for 30, moderately for 27, slightly for 21, unimportant for 7, and is of unknown significance for the remaining 9. We further evaluated whether local and landscape-wide management for natural pollination services could help to sustain crop diversity and production. Case studies for nine crops on four continents revealed that agricultural intensification jeopardizes wild bee communities and their stabilizing effect on pollination services at the landscape scale.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Albrecht M. Duelli P. Müller C. B. Kleijn D. & Schmid B. In press. Swiss agri-environment scheme enhances pollinator diversity and plant reproductive success in nearby intensively managed farmland. J. Appl. Ecol.
Anonymous, 2005, Audit de la filière miel août 2005, Abeille de France, 919, 479
Blanche K. R. Ludwig J. A. & Cunningham S. A. In press. Proximity to rainforest enhances pollination and fruit set in macadamia and longan orchards in north Queensland Australia. J. Appl. Ecol. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01234.x).
Borneck R, 1989, Essai d'une evaluation de l'incidence economique de l'abeille pollinisatrice dans l'agriculture Europeenne, Apiacta, 33
Buchmann S.L& Nabhan G.P The forgotten pollinators. 1996 Washington DC:Island Press.
Cane J.H, 2005, Pollination potential of the bee Osmia aglaia for cultivated red raspberries and blackberries (Rubus: Rosaceae), Hortscience, 40, 1705, 10.21273/HORTSCI.40.6.1705
Chacoff N. P. In press. Los ecosistemas naturales como fuente de polinizadores para cultivos en el pedemonte de las yungas. Ph.D. thesis. Universidad Nacional del Comahue Argentina.
Corbet S.A, 1996, The conservation of bees, 105
Crane E& Walker P Pollination directory for world crops. 1984 Bucks UK:International Bee Research Association.
Daily G.C Nature's services: societal dependence on natural ecosystems. 1997 Washington DC:Island Press.
Degrandi-Hoffmann G, 2000, The influence that honey bees and wild bees foraging together have on sunflower cross-pollination and seed set, Am. Bee J, 137, 565
FAOSTAT data 2005 Data available at http://faostat.fao.org; Agricultural data/Agricultural production/Crops primary. Last accessed in July 2006.
Free J.B Insect pollination of crops. 1993 London UK:Academic Press.
Goulson D, 2003, Conserving wild bees for crop pollination, Food Agric. Environ, 1, 142
Greenleaf S. A. & Kremen C. In press. Wild bee species increase tomato production and respond differently to surrounding land use in Northern California. Biol. Conserv. (doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.05.025).
Ingram M, 1996, Impending pollination crisis threatens biodiversity and agriculture, Tropinet, 7, 1
Kevan P.G, 1990, Insect pollinators and sustainable agriculture, Am. J. Altern. Agr, 5, 12
Kremen C. & Chaplin R. In press. Insects as providers of ecosystem services: crop pollination and pest control. In Insect conservation biology. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society's 23rd Symp. (ed. A. J. A. Stewart T. R. New & O. T. Lewis) Wallingford UK: CABI Publishing.
Matheson A Buchmann S.L O'Toole C Westrich P& Williams J.H The conservation of bees. 1996 London UK:Academic Press.
McGregor S. E. 1976 Insect pollination of cultivated crop-plants. U.S.D.A. Agriculture Handbook No. 496 93–98. Version with some updated information for some crop species available at http://gears.tucson.ars.ag.gov/book/.
Morse R, 2000, The value of honey bees as pollinators of U.S. Crops in 2000, Bee Culture, 128, 1
Nabhan G.P, 1997, Nature's services: societal dependence on natural ecosystems, 133
O'Toole C, 1993, Hymenoptera and biodiversity, 169
Parker F.D, 1987, New pollinators for our crops, Agri. Zool. Rev, 2, 279
Rathcke B.J, 1994, Habitat fragmentation and plant/pollinator interactions, Curr. Sci, 65, 273
Richards K.W, 1996, The conservation of bees, 81
Robinson W.S, 1989, Pollination parameters, Glean. Bee Cult, 117, 148
Robinson W.S, 1989, The value of honey bees as pollinators of U.S. crops, Am. Bee J, 129, 411
Roubik D. W. 1995 Pollination of cultivated plants in the tropics. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations Rome Italy. Bull. 118.
Steffan-Dewenter I, 2006, Specialization and generalization in plant–pollinator interactions, 387
Westrich P, 1996, The conservation of bees, 1
Williams I.H, 1994, The dependences of crop production within the European Union on pollination by honey bees, Agric. Zool. Rev, 6, 229
Williams I.H, 1996, The conservation of bees, 63
Winfree R. Griswold T. & Kremen C. In press. A positive response from bee pollinators to human disturbance in a forested ecosystem. Conserv. Biol.