Journal of Comparative Neurology
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Amygdaloid projections to subcortical structures within the basal forebrain and brainstem in the rat and cat Abstract The efferent fiber connections of the nuclei of the amygdaloid complex with subcortical structures in the basal telencephalon, hypothalamus, midbrain, and pons have been studied in the rat and cat, using the autoradiographic method for tracing axonal connections. The cortical and thalamic projections of these nuclei have been described in previous papers (Krettek and Price, ′77b,c). Although the subcortical connections of the amygdaloid nuclei are widespread within the basal forebrain and brain stem, the projections of each nucleus have been found to be well defined, and distinct from those of the other amygdaloid nuclei. The basolateral amygdaloid nucleus projects heavily to the lateral division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), to the caudal part of the substantia innominata, and to the ventral part of the corpus striatum (nucleus accumbens and ventral putamen) and the olfactory tubercle; it projects more lightly to the lateral hypothalamus. The central nucleus also projects to the lateral division of the BNST and the lateral hypothalamus, but in addition it sends fibers to the lateral part of the substantia nigra and the marginal nucleus of the brachium conjunctivum. The basomedial nucleus has projections to the ventral striatum and olfactory tubercle which are similar to those of the basolateral nucleus, but it also projects to the core of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and the premammillary nucleus, and to a central zone of the BNST which overlaps the medial and lateral divisions. The medial nucleus also projects to the core of the ventromedial nucleus and the premammillary nucleus, but sends fibers to the medial division of the BNST and does not project to the ventral striatum. The posterior cortical nucleus projects to the premammillary nucleus and to the medial division of the BNST, but a projection from this nucleus to the ventromedial nucleus has not been demonstrated. Projections to the “shell” of the ventromedial nucleus have been found only from the ventral part of the subiculum and from a structure at the junction of the amygdala and the hippocampal formation, which has been termed the amygdalo‐hippocampal area (AHA). The AHA also sends fibers to the medial part of the BNST and the premammillary nucleus. Virtually no subcortical projections outside the amygdala itself have been demonstrated from the lateral nucleus, or from the olfactory cortical areas around the amygdala (the anterior cortical nucleus, the periamygdaloid cortex, and the posterior prepiriform cortex). However, portions of the endopiriform nucleus deep to the prepiriform cortex project to the ventral putamen, and to the lateral hypothalamus.
Journal of Comparative Neurology - Tập 178 Số 2 - Trang 225-253 - 1978
An autoradiographic study of the organization of the efferet connections of the hippocampal formation in the rat Abstract The efferent connections of the hippocampal formation of the rat have been re‐examined autoradiographically following the injection of small quantities of 3 H‐amino acids (usually 3 H‐proline) into different parts of Ammon's horn and the adjoining structures. The findings indicate quite clearly that each component of the hippocampal formation has a distinctive pattern of efferent connections and that each component of the fornix system arises from a specific subdivision of the hippocampus or the adjoining cortical fields. Thus, the precommissural fornix has been found to originate solely in fields CA1‐3 of the hippocampus proper and from the subiculum; the projection to the anterior nuclear complex of the thalamus arises more posteriorly in the pre‐ and/or parasubiculum and the postsubicular area; the projection to the mammillary complex which comprises a major part of the descending columns of the fornix has its origin in the dorsal subiculum and the pre‐ and/or parasubiculum; and finally, the medial cortico‐hypothalamic tract arises from the ventral subiculum. The lateral septal nuclei (and the adjoining parts of the posterior septal complex) constitute the only subcortical projection field of the pyramidal cells in fields CA1‐3 of Ammon's horn. There is a rostral extension of the pre‐commissural fornix to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the nucleus accumbens, the medial and posterior parts of the anterior olfactory nucleus, the taenia tecta, and the infralimbic area, which appears to arise from the temporal part of field CA, or the adjacent part of the ventral subiculum. The projection of Ammon's horn upon the lateral septal complex shows a high degree of topographic organization (such that different parts of fields CA1 and CA3 project in an ordered manner to different zones within the lateral septal nucleus). The septal projection of “CA2 ” and field CA3 is bilateral, while that of field CA1 is strictly unilateral. In addition to its subcortical projections, the hippocampus has been found to give rise to a surprisingly extensive series of intracortical association connections. For example, all parts of fields CA1 , CA2 and CA3 project to the subiculum, and at least some parts of these fields send fibers to the pre‐ and parasubiculum, and to the entorhinal, perirhinal, retrosplenial and cingulate areas. From the region of the preand parasubiculum there is a projection to the entorhinal cortex and the parasubiculum of both sides. That part of the postsubiculum (= dorsal part of the presubiculum) which we have examined has been found to project to the cingulate and retrosplenial areas ipsilaterally, and to the entorhinal cortex and parasubiculum bilaterally.
Journal of Comparative Neurology - Tập 172 Số 1 - Trang 49-84 - 1977
Organization of sensory input to the nociceptive‐specific cutaneous trunk muscle reflex in rat, an effective experimental system for examining nociception and plasticity ABSTRACT Detailed characterization of neural circuitries furthers our understanding of how nervous systems perform specific functions and allows the use of those systems to test hypotheses. We have characterized the sensory input to the cutaneous trunk muscle (CTM; also cutaneus trunci [rat] or cutaneus maximus [mouse]) reflex (CTMR), which manifests as a puckering of the dorsal thoracolumbar skin and is selectively driven by noxious stimuli. CTM electromyography and neurogram recordings in naïve rats revealed that CTMR responses were elicited by natural stimuli and electrical stimulation of all segments from C4 to L6, a much greater extent of segmental drive to the CTMR than previously described. Stimulation of some subcutaneous paraspinal tissue can also elicit this reflex. Using a selective neurotoxin, we also demonstrate differential drive of the CTMR by trkA‐expressing and nonexpressing small‐diameter afferents. These observations highlight aspects of the organization of the CTMR system that make it attractive for studies of nociception and anesthesiology and plasticity of primary afferents, motoneurons, and the propriospinal system. We use the CTMR system to demonstrate qualitatively and quantitatively that experimental pharmacological treatments can be compared with controls applied either to the contralateral side or to another segment, with the remaining segments providing controls for systemic or other treatment effects. These data indicate the potential for using the CTMR system as both an invasive and a noninvasive quantitative assessment tool providing improved statistical power and reduced animal use. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:1048–1071, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Journal of Comparative Neurology - Tập 522 Số 5 - Trang 1048-1071 - 2014
Differential expression of GABA<sub>A</sub>/benzodiazepine receptor β<sub>1</sub>, β<sub>2</sub>, and β<sub>3</sub> subunit mRNAs in the developing mouse cerebellum Abstract Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian cerebellum. Cerebellar granule, Purkinje, and deep nuclear neurons are known to receive GABAergic afferents. Since GABA exerts its inhibitory effects via GABA receptors, it is of interest to determine the temporal relationship between the formation of GABAergic synapses and the expression of genes coding for the GABA receptor. In a previous study, we have examined the developmental expression of binding sites for [3 H] muscimol, which binds with high affinity to the β subunits of the GABAA /benzodiazepine (GABAA /BZ) receptor. In the present study, [35 S]cRNA probes were used to examine the appearance and distribution of GABAA /BZ β1, β2, and β3 subunit mRNAs in the developing C57BL/6 mouse cerebellum by in situ hybridization. In the adult cerebellum, the distribution of the three subunit mRNAs was clearly different, despite considerable overlap, and their temporal expression differed throughout postnatal development. The β1 hybridization signal appeared within the cerebellar cortex during the second postnatal week as a discrete band at the interface of the molecular and granule cell layers. Grains were distributed diffusely over small densely staining cells surrounding the Purkinje cells; relatively few grains were visible over Purkinje cell bodies themselves. This distribution may reflect an association with Bergmann glia or basket cells. The β2 and β3 hybridization signals were present considerably earlier than that of the β1 mRNA. The β2 signal was present at birth in the molecular/Purkinje cell layer; as development progressed, the signal became increasingly intense over both granule and Purkinje cells. At birth, the β3 subunit mRNA was present in the external germinal and molecular layers, later becoming largely localized within the granule cell layer. Dense β2 and β3 cRNA probe labeling was present over the adult granule cell layer. Moderate levels of β2 signal were seen over Purkinje cell bodies; considerably less labeling was observed with the β3 probe. The adult distribution of β2 and β3 cRNA probes showed good spatial correspondence with the known GABAA receptor β subunit markers, [3 H]‐muscimol and the mAb 62‐3G1 antibody, each being present within the granule cell layer. Our results indicate that the temporal expression of GABAA /BZ receptor β subunit messages within a given cell type may be independently regulated, and that acquisition of the β2 and β3 mRNAs occurs before these cells become integrated into mature synaptic circuits. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Journal of Comparative Neurology - Tập 326 Số 4 - Trang 580-594 - 1992
Comparative molecular neuroanatomy of cloned GABA<sub>A</sub>receptor subunits in the rat CNS Abstract γ‐Aminobutyric acidA (GABAA ) receptors in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) are members of a family of ligand‐gated ion channels consisting of heterooligomeric glycoprotein complexes in synaptic and extrasynaptic membranes. Although molecular cloning studies have identified 5 subunits (with ∼40% amino acid homology) and isoforms thereof (∼70% homology), namely α1–6, β1–4, γ1–3, δ, and ρ, the subunit composition and stoichiometry of native receptors are not known. The regional distribution and cellular expression of GABAA receptor messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in the rat CNS have now been investigated by in situ hybridization histochemistry with subunit‐specific35S ‐labelled oligonucleotide probes on adjacent cryostat sections. Whereas α1, β2, and γ2 transcripts were the most abundant and ubiquitous in the rat brain—correlating with the radioautographic distribution of GABAA receptors revealed by an ionophore ligand—others had a more restricted expression while often being abundant. For example, α2 transcripts were found only in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, caudate putamen, hippocampal formation, and certain lower brain stem nuclei; α3 only in the olfactory bulb and cerebral cortex; α5 in the hippocampal formation; and α6 only in cerebellar granule cells. In addition, β1, β3, γ1, and δ mRNAs were also uniquely expressed in restricted brain regions. Moreover, in the spinal cord, α1–3, β2,3, and γ2 mRNAs were differently expressed in Rexed layers 2–9, with α2, β3, and γ2 transcripts most prominent in motoneurons of layer 9. Although differential protein trafficking could lead to the incorporation of some subunits into somatic membranes and others into dendritic membranes, some tentative conclusions as to the probable composition of native proteins in various regions of the CNS may be drawn. For example, according to the strength of the hybridization signal the following subunits might be expected to play a prominent role in GABAergic neurotransmission in the corresponding regions: α1, β2 (1,3), γ2 in olfactory bulb mitral cells; α2, β3, γ2, δ in caudate putamen; α1,3 (2,5), β2,3, γ2 in cerebral cortex; α1, β2, γ1,2 in pallidum; α1,2,5, β1–3, γ2 in hippocampus; α1,5, β3, γ2, δ in dentate gyrus; α1, β2, γ1,2 in substantia nigra zona reticularis; α1, β2, γ2 in cerebellar Purkinje cells; α1,6, β2,3, γ2, δ in granule cells; α1,2, β2,3, γ2 in vestibular and facial nuclei; and finally α2, β3, γ2 in motoneurons of Rexed layer 9 in the spinal cord. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Journal of Comparative Neurology - Tập 326 Số 2 - Trang 193-216 - 1992
Characterization of <i>Drosophila fruitless‐gal4</i> transgenes reveals expression in male‐specific <i>fruitless</i> neurons and innervation of male reproductive structures Abstract The fruitless (fru ) gene acts in the central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila melanogaster to establish male sexual behavior. Genetic dissection of the locus has shown that one of the fru gene's promoter, P1, controls the spatial and temporal expression of male‐specific FruM proteins critical to determining stereotypical male sexual behavior. By using the Gal4‐expression system, we show that a 16‐kb fragment of the fru P1 promoter's 5′ regulatory region drives the expression of Gal4 in a subset of FruM ‐expressing neurons within both the pupal and adult CNS. Colocalization of FruM and a Gal4‐responsive reporter shows that the fru (P1 )‐gal4 fusion construct generates expression in both previously characterized FruM ‐expressing neurons as well as within cells of both the CNS and the peripheral nervous system that have not been demonstrated as FruM ‐expressing. Gal4‐expressing neurons are shown to innervate abdominal organs directly relevant to fru function; specifically, the muscle of Lawrence (MOL) and the male internal reproductive organs. Innervations of the latter are shown to originate from identified FruM ‐serotonergic neurons. Furthermore, we show that the MOL neuromuscular junction is sexually dimorphic. Finally, we describe Gal4 expression in neurites innervating male reproductive structures that are hypothesized to be targets of fru function. Isolation of the regulatory sequences controlling the expression of fru in the CNS, therefore, provides a potent tool for the manipulation of FruM ‐expressing neurons and for understanding the cellular basis of Drosophila reproductive behavior. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:270–287, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Journal of Comparative Neurology - Tập 475 Số 2 - Trang 270-287 - 2004
On the chromaffin cells of the nerve ganglia of Hirudo medicinalis, Lin
Journal of Comparative Neurology - Tập 76 Số 3 - Trang 367-401 - 1942
Distribution of hypophysiotropic thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH)‐synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the mouse Abstract Hypophysiotropic thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) neurons, the central regulators of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid axis, are located in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in a partly overlapping distribution with non‐hypophysiotropic TRH neurons. The distribution of hypophysiotropic TRH neurons in the rat PVN is well understood, but the localization of these neurons is unknown in mice. To determine the distribution and phenotype of hypophysiotropic TRH neurons in mice, double‐ and triple‐labeling experiments were performed on sections of intact mice, and mice treated intravenously and intraperitoneally with the retrograde tracer Fluoro‐Gold. TRH neurons were located in all parts of the PVN except the periventricular zone. Hypophysiotropic TRH neurons were observed only at the mid‐level of the PVN, primarily in the compact part. In this part of the PVN, TRH neurons were intermingled with oxytocin and vasopressin neurons, but based on their size, the TRH neurons were parvocellular and did not contain magnocellular neuropeptides. Co‐localization of TRH and cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART) were observed only in areas where hypophysiotropic TRH neurons were located. In accordance with the morphological observations, hypothyroidism increased TRH mRNA content of neurons only at the mid‐level of the PVN. These data demonstrate that the distribution of hypophysiotropic TRH neurons in mice is vastly different from the pattern in rats, with a dominant occurrence of these neurosecretory cells in the compact part and adjacent regions at the mid‐level of the PVN. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that the organization of the PVN is markedly different in mice and rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3948–3961, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Journal of Comparative Neurology - Tập 518 Số 19 - Trang 3948-3961 - 2010
The Edinger‐Westphal nucleus: A historical, structural, and functional perspective on a dichotomous terminology Abstract The eponymous term nucleus of Edinger‐Westphal (EW) has come to be used to describe two juxtaposed and somewhat intermingled cell groups of the midbrain that differ dramatically in their connectivity and neurochemistry. On one hand, the classically defined EW is the part of the oculomotor complex that is the source of the parasympathetic preganglionic motoneuron input to the ciliary ganglion (CG), through which it controls pupil constriction and lens accommodation. On the other hand, EW is applied to a population of centrally projecting neurons involved in sympathetic, consumptive, and stress‐related functions. This terminology problem arose because the name EW has historically been applied to the most prominent cell collection above or between the somatic oculomotor nuclei (III), an assumption based on the known location of the preganglionic motoneurons in monkeys. However, in many mammals, the nucleus designated as EW is not made up of cholinergic, preganglionic motoneurons supplying the CG and instead contains neurons using peptides, such as urocortin 1, with diverse central projections. As a result, the literature has become increasingly confusing. To resolve this problem, we suggest that the term EW be supplemented with terminology based on connectivity. Specifically, we recommend that 1) the cholinergic, preganglionic neurons supplying the CG be termed the Edinger‐Westphal preganglionic (EWpg) population and 2) the centrally projecting, peptidergic neurons be termed the Edinger‐Westphal centrally projecting (EWcp) population. The history of this nomenclature problem and the rationale for our solutions are discussed in this review. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:1413–1434, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Journal of Comparative Neurology - Tập 519 Số 8 - Trang 1413-1434 - 2011
Hypothalamic and brainstem sources of pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide nerve fibers innervating the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in the rat Abstract The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) coordinates major neuroendocrine and behavioral mechanisms, particularly responses to homeostatic challenges. Parvocellular and magnocellular PVN neurons are richly innervated by pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) axons. Our recent functional observations have also suggested that PACAP may be an excitatory neuropeptide at the level of the PVN. Nevertheless, the exact localization of PACAP‐producing neurons that project to the PVN is not understood. The present study examined the specific contribution of various brain areas sending PACAP innervation to the rat PVN by using iontophoretic microinjections of the retrograde neuroanatomical tracer cholera toxin B subunit (CTb). Retrograde transport was evaluated from hypothalamic and brainstem sections by using multiple labeling immunofluorescence for CTb and PACAP. PACAP‐containing cell groups were found to be retrogradely labeled from the PVN in the median preoptic nucleus; preoptic and lateral hypothalamic areas; arcuate, dorsomedial, ventromedial, and supramammillary nuclei; ventrolateral midbrain periaqueductal gray; rostral and midlevel ventrolateral medulla, including the C1 catecholamine cell group; nucleus of the solitary tract; and dorsal motor nucleus of vagus. Minor PACAP projections with scattered double‐labeled neurons originated from the parabrachial nucleus, pericoeruleus area, and caudal regions of the nucleus of the solitary tract and ventrolateral medulla. These observations indicate a multisite origin of PACAP innervation to the PVN and provide a strong chemical neuroanatomical foundation for interaction between PACAP and its potential target neurons in the PVN, such as parvocellular CRH neurons, controlling physiologic responses to stressful challenges and other neuroendocrine or preautonomic PVN neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:761–776, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Journal of Comparative Neurology - Tập 500 Số 4 - Trang 761-776 - 2007
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