Occurrence of Natural Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Douro River Estuary, Portugal

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 70 - Trang 361-371 - 2015
Ana Rita Ribeiro1,2, Alexandra Maia1, Mariana Santos1, Maria Elizabeth Tiritan1,3,4, Cláudia Maria Rosa Ribeiro1
1Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, CESPU, Gandra PRD, Portugal
2LCM – Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials – Associate Laboratory LSRE–LCM, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
3Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
4Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal

Tóm tắt

Many studies demonstrated the presence of diverse environmental contaminants in the Douro River estuary, such as natural and synthetic estrogens, pharmaceuticals, industrial compounds and pesticides. This estuary is located between two densely populated cities and is highly impacted due to anthropogenic activities, such as industry and agriculture. Although the presence of mycotoxins and phytoestrogens, such as lignans and coumestrans, in the aquatic environment is reported by some authors, their occurrence in Portuguese waters was not investigated yet. To evaluate the presence of phytoestrogens, phytosterols and mycotoxins in Douro River estuary, water samples were collected seasonally at nine sampling points, preconcentrated by solid phase extraction and analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Local flora was collected on the riverside, in the same sampling points, for identification and evaluation of the possible relation to the presence of phytoestrogens and/or phytosterols in the estuarine water. Results showed the ubiquitous presence of mycotoxins, namely deoxynivalenol up to 373.5 ng L−1. Both phytoestrogens and phytosterols showed a possible seasonal fluctuation, which is in accordance to the life cycle of the local flora and agricultural practices. Physicochemical parameters were also determined for water quality evaluation. This study revealed for the first time the presence of mycotoxins and lignans in estuarine waters from Portugal, and highlights the need to consider natural contaminants in future monitoring programs.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente (2014). http://www.apambiente.pt/

Ambiente, Ministério (1998) Decreto-Lei 236/98. DIÁRIO DA REPÚBLICA—I SÉRIE-A 176:3676–3722

Carrola J (2011) Light microscopic studies of toxicopathic changes in fishes from the Tinhela and Vizela Rivers, and from the Mondego, Douro and Ave estuaries [Doctoral Thesis]. University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real

EU-Directive (2008) Directive 2008/105/EC of the European Parliament and of Council on environmental quality standard in the field of water policy, amending and subsquently repealing Council Directives 82/176/EEC, 83/513/EEC, 84/156/EEC, 84/491/EEC and amending Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. Off J Eur Communities L348:92–93

EU-Directive. (2013) Directive 2013/39/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 August 2013 amending Directives 2000/60/EC and 2008/105/EC as regards priority substances in the field of water policy. Off J Eur Union L.226:1–17

Ferreira M, Antunes P, Gil O, Vale C, Silva L, Reis-Henriques MA (2002) Testis-ova in mullet (Mugil cephalus) exposed to organic contaminants in the Douro Estuary, Portugal. In: Proceedings of the 21th conference of European comparative endocrinologists Germany

ICH (1996) Validation of analytical procedures: text and methodology Q2 (R1) international conference on harmonization. http://private.ich.org/LOB/media/MEDIA417.pdf

Instituro da Água (2009) Protocolo de amostragem e análise para o Fitoplâncton. Ministério do Ambiente, do ordenamento do território, e do desenvolvimento regional

Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera (2014). https://www.ipma.pt

UNEP UnepC (2009) TREATIES-4. Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants, Stockholm, 22 May 2001. Adoption of amendments to Annexes A, B and C by decisions SC-4/10, 4/11, 4/12, 4/13, 4/14, 4/15, 4/16, 4/17 and 4/18. http://www.pops.int/documents/convtext/convtext_en.pdf