Geology and mineralization of the Songpan-Ganze-West Kunlun pegmatite-type rare-metal metallogenic belt in China: An overview and synthesis

Science China Earth Sciences - Tập 66 - Trang 1702-1724 - 2023
Jiankang Li1, Peng Li1, Qinggao Yan1, Denghong Wang1, Guangli Ren2, Xin Ding3
1MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China
2Xi’an Center of Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Xi’an, China
3School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China

Tóm tắt

The Songpan-Ganze orogenic belt on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau extends westward from the Songpan-Ganze terrain in western Sichuan to the Tianshuihai region in West Kunlun, Xinjiang. It hosts numerous giant spodumene pegmatite deposits and ore fields, including Jiajika and Ke’eryin in western Sichuan Province, Zhawulong on the border between the Sichuan and Qinghai Provinces, and Dahongliutan in Xinjiang Region. These form the Songpan-Ganze-West Kunlun (SP-GZ-WK) pegmatite-type rare-metal metallogenic belt. The pegmatite type rare-metal deposits in this belt are hosted in the metamorphic thermal domes in the metamorphosed flysh of the Triassic Xikang and Bayankalashan Groups. The mineralized pegmatites are intimately related to the Li- and volatile-rich two-mica granites that are peraluminous and have high (Li+Na+K)/(Mn+Fe+Mg+Ca+Ti) ratios. Pegmatites and granites in individual ore field throughout the belt typically form a cogenetic granite-pegmatite system, in which pegmatite dikes commonly surround granites. Spodumene is the predominant ore mineral in most pegmatites with limited hydrothermal alteration. In the granite-pegmatite systems, granitic magmas were emplaced under P-T conditions of 800–850°C and ∼550 MPa, while spodumene crystallized in an alkaline environment. The granite-pegmatite systems share similar Sr-Nd-Hf-Li isotopic compositions to the metasediments of the Xikang and Bayankalashan Groups. The δ7Li values tend to increase from the granites to the Li-poor pegmatites, whereas the reverse is observed between the Li-poor and Li-rich pegmatites. These geochronological data suggest that the granite-pegmatite systems formed in the Late Triassic and tend to be progressively younger from the outer to the inner zones of the metallogenic belt. These characteristics show that the granitic-pegmatitic melts were derived from the anatexis of the Xikang and Bayankalashan Groups during the Paleo-Tethyan orogeny in the Late Triassic. The separation of pegmatitic melts from granitic magmas can be best explained using the Jiajika-style “melt-melt immiscibility” or the Ke’eryin-style “fractional crystallization+melt-melt immiscibility” model. High-maturity terrestrial sediments are of key importance for the anatexis that results in the granite-pegmatite melts. The bidirectional tectonic stresses in the Songpan-Ganze orogenic belt may have caused the mineralization difference between the Jiajika deposit and the Ke’eryin ore field. These features indicate the controls of the combination of orogenic deformation, metapelites anatexis, and magmatic differentiation on the rare-metal mineralization of pegmatites. We suggest that pegmatites, pegmatite-parental granite, and their protoliths are important indicators for rare-metal mineralization in the SP-GZ-WK pegmatite type rare-metal metallogenic belt. Based on the widespread presence of fertile metasediments and well development of metamorphic thermal dome, highly differentiated granites, and regional zonation of pegmatites, the Zhawulong ore field is the most prospective area for rare metals and thus should be the priority for future exploration.

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Science China Earth Sciences

Tập 66

1702-1724

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