Walter de Gruyter GmbH
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The cellular prion protein in multiple sclerosis: A potential target for neurotherapeutics?
Walter de Gruyter GmbH - Tập 2 - Trang 351-359 - 2011
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating disease that affects millions. There is no known cure for the disease and neither is the cause of the disease known. Recent studies have indicated that it is a multi-factorial disease with several genes involved. Importantly, sunlight and vitamin D have been implicated in the progression of the disease. The pathogenesis of MS chiefly involves loss of oligodendrocytes, which in addition to being killed by inflammatory mediators in the CNS, also succumbs to loss of trophic support from astrocytes. Neurotrophins play an important role in myelination and the cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a key player in this process. Although the physiological roles of PrPC remain to be fully understood, increasing evidence suggests multiple roles for PrPC in regulation of cellular immunity and for its interaction with several neurotrophins that are necessary for homeostasis of the nervous system. This mini-review focuses on the findings establishing a crucial role for PrPC in the neuropathogenesis of MS, emphasizing its neuroprotective role. Since MS is a multi-factorial disease with unknown etiology and no cure, this review aims to highlight endogenous repair mechanisms mediated by PrPC that might contribute to functional recovery in MS patients.
Corpus callosum shape analysis with application to dyslexia
Walter de Gruyter GmbH - Tập 1 - Trang 124-130 - 2010
Morphometric studies of the corpus callosum suggest its involvement in a number of psychiatric conditions. In the present study we introduce a novel pattern recognition technique that offers a point-bypoint shape descriptor of the corpus callosum. The method uses arc lengths of electric field lines in order to avoid discontinuities caused by folding anatomical contours. We tested this technique by comparing the shape of the corpus callosum in a series of dyslexic men (n = 16) and age-matched controls (n = 14). The results indicate a generalized increase in size of the corpus callosum in dyslexia with a concomitant diminution at its rostral and caudal poles. The reported shape analysis and 2D-reconstruction provide information of anatomical importance that would otherwise passed unnoticed when analyzing size information alone.
Lipoastrocytoma: Bản báo cáo ca bệnh Dịch bởi AI Tóm tắt
Walter de Gruyter GmbH - Tập 2 Số 1 - 2011
Các khối u có lipid hóa của hệ thần kinh trung ương rất hiếm. Lipid hóa của các tế bào khối u là một đặc điểm mô học của u xanthoastrocytoma đa dạng hình và u neurolipocytoma tiểu não, và đã được mô tả trong một số khối u thần kinh biểu mô nguyên phát khác như u thần kinh nguyên bào thần kinh, u thần kinh trung ương và ependymoma. Tuy nhiên, cũng đã có báo cáo về một vài trường hợp khối u glia độ ác tính thấp bị lipid hóa không thể phân loại vào các loại đã nêu ở trên. Chúng tôi báo cáo một trường hợp khối u như vậy chiếm lĩnh thùy thái dương bên phải ở một người phụ nữ 23 tuổi. Về mặt mô học, khối u được tạo thành từ các tế bào glia dương tính với GFAP với các vùng lipid hóa tế bào hoàn toàn. Hơn hai năm sau phẫu thuật, bệnh nhân hiện sức khỏe tốt và không có triệu chứng, hỗ trợ cho giả thuyết về lộ trình lâm sàng thuận lợi của các khối u hiếm này. Kế hoạch điều trị được khuyến nghị cho các khối u này, được cho là lành tính, nên tiếp tục với việc theo dõi hình ảnh sau khi cắt bỏ hoàn toàn.
Untangling the role of tau in Alzheimer’s disease: A unifying hypothesis
Walter de Gruyter GmbH - Tập 4 - Trang 115-133 - 2013
Recent investigations into the etiology and pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the past few years have expanded to include previously unexplored and/or disconnected aspects of AD and related conditions at both the cellular and systemic levels of organization. These include how AD-associated abnormalities affect the cell cycle and neuronal differentiation state and how they recruit signal transduction, membrane trafficking and protein transcytosis mechanisms to produce a neurotoxic syndrome capable of spreading itself throughout the brain. The recent expansion of AD research into intercellular and new aspects of cellular degenerative mechanisms is causing a systemic re-evaluation of AD pathogenesis, including the roles played by well-studied elements, such as the generation of Aβ and tau protein aggregates. It is also changing our view of neurodegenerative diseases as a whole. Here we propose a conceptual framework to account for some of the emerging aspects of the role of tau in AD pathogenesis.
Pertussis vaccine-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice
Walter de Gruyter GmbH - Tập 5 - Trang 57-63 - 2014
A small dose of the Bordetella pertussis vaccine is used as an adjuvant for the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. The effects of two doses of the Pertussis vaccine on clinical signs, antibody titers, and the expression of CD4 and MHC molecules in brain tissue sections of mice with EAE were examined. EAE was induced by spinal cord homogenate in Complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) in 30 of 40 C57BL/6 mice divided in groups: EAE mice with a small adjuvant dose of the Pertussis vaccine (EAE-1), EAE mice with a human dose of the Pertussis vaccine (EAE-2), EAE mice (EAE-3). None of the mice from the EAE groups progressed to severe EAE. Five mice from the EAE-2 group were found dead on the 13th day post-immunization. A significant increase of anti-MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein) antibodies was detected in mice with EAE compared to non-treated mice. Myelin loss and brain tissue lesions were observed in EAE-1 and EAE-2 mice compared to EAE-3 and non-treated mice. A high expression of MHC-II and a mild expression of MHC-I was detected in the brains of mice with EAE. No expressions were detected in intact brains. Scattered CD4-positive cells were detected in the brains of EAE-1 and EAE-2 mice compared to EAE-3 and non-treated mice. A small dose of the Bordetella pertussis vaccine could maintain the developed clinical signs and histological changes in mice with EAE, while higher doses led to additional adverse effects. The expression of CD4 and MHC class I and II molecules, as well as an increase in anti-MOG antibodies could be used as markers capable of monitoring the development and progression of EAE.
Reassessment of teratogenic risk from antenatal ultrasound
Walter de Gruyter GmbH - Tập 4 Số 1 - Trang 81-87 - 2013
Science has shown that risk of cavitation and hyperthermia following prenatal ultrasound exposure is relatively negligible provided intensity, frequency, duration of exposure, and total numbers of exposures are safely limited. However, noncavitational mechanisms have been poorly studied and occur within what are currently considered “safe” levels of exposure. To date, the teratogenic capacity of noncavitational effectors are largely unknown, although studies have shown that different forms of ultrasound-induced hydraulic forces and pressures can alter membrane fluidity, proliferation, and expression of inflammatory and repair markers. Loose regulations, poor end user training, and unreliable ultrasound equipment may also increase the likelihood of cavitation and hyperthermia during prenatal exposure with prolonged durations and increased intensities. The literature suggests a need for tighter regulations on the use of ultrasound and further studies into its teratogenicity.
Memory consolidation — Mechanisms and opportunities for enhancement
Walter de Gruyter GmbH - Tập 4 - Trang 448-457 - 2013
Memory consolidation is the process by which relevant information is selected and transferred from a short-term, fragile state, into a stable, longer term domain from which it can be recalled. Effective memory underpins our ability to carry out everyday activities. When memory consolidation fails, such as in Alzheimer’s disease, the consequences can be devastating. Understanding the neurobiology of memory will help develop treatments for patients with memory loss. Here we describe the myriad processes involved in memory consolidation, including cholinergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission predominantly in hippocampal networks. We discuss established therapies as well as potential novel strategies for boosting cognition. Future approaches to enhancement of memory consolidation include not only pharmacological and neurosurgical treatments, but also lifestyle interventions — for example, modifications to sleep, exercise and diet.
Deregulated microRNA expression in biospecimens from patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder as a disease biomarker
Walter de Gruyter GmbH - Tập 5 - Trang 173-178 - 2014
The biological markers for schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) would represent a precious tool in evaluating the risk for the development of these common neuropsychiatric diseases and, possibly, in the prevention of either disease episodes and/or treatment efficiency monitoring. Since both SZ and BD are diseases with a significant genetic component, the research over the last decades has focused on the genes with altered function in the central nervous system (CNS) of individuals suffering from these illnesses. Recently, however, small non-coding RNA molecules (microRNAs, miRNAs, miRs) were shown to regulate the expression of human CNS genes involved in cell processes and functions negatively affected in neuropsychiatric disorders, including synaptic development and maturation, learning and memory. Differentially expressed sets of miRNAs have been reported in the tissues of SZ and BD patients in comparison to controls suggesting the emergence of a novel class of potential biomarkers. Here we review the reports on the changes in miRNA expression in postmortem brain tissue and peripheral blood in SZ and BD. We also evaluate the potential of miRNA packaged in exosomes, signaling vesicles released by neurons and glia, to contribute to the disaggregation of the molecular machinery underlying mental disorders and provide clinically useful biomarkers.
Arousal from slices to humansAbstract
Walter de Gruyter GmbH - - 2010
Most psychiatric and neurological disorders exhibit sleep disorders, and in some cases presage the disease. Study of the control of sleep and waking has the potential for making a major impact on a number of disorders, making translational neuroscience research on this area critical. One element of the reticular activating system (RAS) is the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), which is the cholinergic arm of the RAS, and projects to the thalamus to trigger thalamocortical rhythms and to the brainstem to modulate muscle tone and locomotion. We developed a research program using brainstem slices containing the PPN to tell us about the cellular and molecular organization of this region. In addition, we developed the P13 midlatency auditory evoked potential, which is generated by PPN outputs, preparation in freely moving rats. This allows the study of PPN cellular and molecular mechanisms at the level of the whole animal. We also study the P50 midlatency auditory evoked potential, which is the human equivalent of the rodent P13 potential, allowing us to study processes detected in vitro, confirmed in the whole animal, and tested in humans. This translational research program led to the discovery of a novel mechanism of sleep-wake control, pointing the way to a number of new clinical applications in the development of novel stimulants and anesthetics.
Purkynĕ’s contributions to neuroscience and biology: Part I
Walter de Gruyter GmbH - Tập 2 - Trang 270-280 - 2011
Jan Evangelista Purkyně (or Purkinje, as he was spelled in his German publications prior to 1850) was one of giants in the XIXth century science. His contributions are numerous, and his research interests were wide-ranging. This study is divided into two parts. In the Part I, we provide a general overview of Purkyně’s life and work, focusing on his pioneering role in the rise of experimental physiology and microscopical anatomy. In the Part II, we will: (a) focus on his contributions to neuroanatomy, neurohistology and cell theory; (b) provide the first complete English translation of his relevant publications, and (c) provide a critical historical review of the importance of his contributions in comparison to his main contemporary competitors: Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, Gabriel Gustav Valentin, Theodor Schwann, Robert Remak and Adolf Hannover.
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