Veterinary Dermatology
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Frequent isolation of <i><scp>A</scp>rthroderma benhamiae</i> from dogs with dermatophytosis Background Molecular analysis methods have led to many changes in the taxonomy of dermatophyte species. Hypothesis/Objectives We hypothesized that fungi displaying morphology consistent with a traditional identification of ‘T richophyton mentagrophytes’ represent multiple species, consistent with the new taxonomy. Methods Fungal specimens (n = 20) were collected directly from animals with dermatophytosis, were among those submitted for diagnostic analysis or were part of historical teaching collections. Primers that amplified a portion of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene and primers specific for a fragment from the internal transcribed spacer region were used for PCR amplification of genomic DNA . The DNA sequences from the amplified products were compared with databases to identify the isolates. Results Of the 80% (n = 16) of the fungal isolates identified as A rthroderma benhamiaeA rthroderma vanbreuseghemiiT richophyton erinaceiN annizziopsisC hrysosporiumguarroi , which was probably present as a saprophyte. Conclusions and clinical importance Frequent isolation of A . benhamiae
Veterinary Dermatology - Tập 25 Số 1 - Trang 39 - 2014
Acceleration of healing and improvement of scarring: from laboratory discovery to clinical practice Acceleration of wound healing and improvement of scarring at skin graft donor sites and trauma or surgical lesions are important clinical goals in human and veterinary medicine. It has been discovered that wounds made on early mouse embryos heal quickly and perfectly, with no scars. The cellular and molecular differences between scar‐free embryonic healing and scar‐forming adult healing have been investigated. As a result, molecules have been identified which can be experimentally manipulated during adult healing, both to accelerate the process and to improve scarring. Some of these molecules represent pharmaceutical targets to which novel therapeutic agents have been developed. For example, embryonic wounds have high levels of TGFβ3 from endogenous keratinocytes and fibroblasts, but relatively low levels of TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 derived from degranulating platelets and inflammatory cells, by comparison to adult wounds. Therapeutically elevating the level of TGFβ3 allows adult rodent and porcine wounds to heal significantly faster and with improved scarring. These experimental findings have progressed into further studies in humans. A number of clinical trials with novel pharmaceuticals designed to accelerate healing and prevent scarring have been successfully completed, and further large patient‐based trials are ongoing. These studies indicate that pharmaceutical treatment of healing wounds to accelerate the process (e.g. accelerated re‐epithelialization of graft sites) or improve scarring may soon supplement the current surgical and device approaches to wound management.
Veterinary Dermatology - Tập 15 Số s1 - Trang 13-13 - 2004
An idiopathic facial dermatitis of Persian cats The clinical and histopathological features of 13 Persian cats which presented with chronic skin disease primarily affecting the face are described. Lesions were characterized by black material adherent to the skin and hair, accompanied by erythema and variable degrees of excoriation. Concurrent ceruminous otitis externa was observed in 7 cases. Histopathological examination of skin biopsy specimens showed marked acanthosis with crusting, hydropic degeneration and dyskeratotic basal epithelial cells, a mixed diffuse superficial inflammatory infiltrate and sebaceous hyperplasia. Malassezia pachydermatis yeasts and various bacteria were isolated from the lesions in some of the cats but in no case was antimicrobial therapy curative. The response to glucocorticoids was variable and often poor. No satisfactory therapeutic regimen could be identified and the cause of the disorder is unknown although a genetic basis is possible.
Veterinary Dermatology - Tập 11 Số 1 - Trang 35-41 - 2000
Retrospective study: the presence of<i>Malassezia</i>in feline skin biopsies. A clinicopathological study Abstract Malassezia spp. dermatitis, a rare disorder in cats, has previously been associated with immune suppression and internal malignancies. This study evaluates the presence and importance ofMalassezia spp. in feline biopsy specimens submitted for histopathological examination. Five hundred and fifty haematoxylin and eosin‐stained skin biopsy specimens received for histopathological examination between January 1999 and November 2000 were reviewed. Fifteen (2.7%) submissions containedMalassezia organisms in the stratum corneum of the epidermis or follicular infundibulum. Eleven of 15 cats presented with an acute onset of multifocal to generalized skin lesions. All 11 cats were euthanized or died within 2 months of the onset of clinical signs. Seven cats had dermatopathological changes and clinical signs supportive of paraneoplastic alopecia, and three cats had an interface dermatitis suggestive of erythema multiforme or thymoma‐associated dermatosis. Histopathological changes were nonspecific in one cat that was euthanized 2 weeks following onset of severe pruritus and alopecia. In three cats,Malassezia spp. were found in localized sites (two chin, one footpads) and appeared inconsequential to their overall health status. One cat hadMalassezia spp. in association with cutaneous demodicosis. These findings suggest thatMalassezia yeast in dermatopathological specimens from multifocal or generalized lesions should prompt a thorough clinical work‐up for internal neoplasia.
Veterinary Dermatology - Tập 13 Số 1 - Trang 7-14 - 2002
An evaluation of the clinical, cytological, infectious and histopathological features of feline acne Abstract Clinical, cytological, microbial and histopathological features of feline acne were investigated in 22 cats referred or volunteered to a veterinary dermatology practice in the south‐west region of the USA. For comparison, same parameters were evaluated in five unaffected pet cats. Additionally, all cats were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the presence of feline calicivirus (FCV) and feline herpes virus (FHV‐1) in acne lesions. The age of onset of acne in affected cats ranged from 6 months to 14 years with a median of 4 years. The most common dermatologic lesions were comedones (73%), alopecia (68%), crusts (55%), papules (45%) and erythema (41%). Pruritus was reported in 35% of the affected cats. Cytological evidence ofMalassezia pachydermatitis was present on 4/22 (18%) of affected cats.Microsporum canis was isolated from a single affected cat. Bacteria were isolated from 10 of the 22 (45%) affected cats; coagulase‐positive staphylococci and alpha‐haemolytic streptococci were most common. Histopathological features included lymphoplasmacytic periductal inflammation (86%), sebaceous gland duct dilatation (73%), follicular keratosis with plugging and dilatation (59%), epitrichial gland occlusion and dilatation (32%), folliculitis (27%), pyogranulomatous sebaceous adenitis (23%) and furunculosis (23%). In one affected cat from a household with five cats, simultaneously having feline acne, FCV antigen was detected in the biopsy of the chin by IHC. Chin tissue samples from all other affected cats, as well as the five healthy cats, were negative by IHC for FCV and FHV‐1 antigens.
Veterinary Dermatology - Tập 17 Số 2 - Trang 134-140 - 2006
Feline acne and results of treatment with mupirocin in an open clinical trial: 25 cases (1994–96) Clinical and diagnostic parameters, and response to topical mupirocin in 25 cats with feline acne are described. The chin was the most common area affected, but the lower lip, upper lip and the commissure of the lips also frequently had lesions. The most common clinical sign was the presence of crusts, followed by comedones, erythema, alopecia, pruritus and nodules/fistulas. Deep skin scrapings for ectoparasites, cytological examination of superficial skin scrapings, and fungal cultures from the chin were performed on all cats. Dermatophytes were cultured from two cats and Malassezia pachydermatis was cultured (n = 2), seen on cytology smears (n = 1), or noted on histopathology (n = 1). Skin biopsies were obtained from three of the cats and most commonly showed dilatation of sebaceous gland ducts, neutrophilic or pyogranulomatous infiltration of the sebaceous glands, and pyogranulomatous inflammation of the dermis. All cats were treated with topical 2% mupirocin ointment twice daily for 3 weeks as the sole treatment. Treatment response was excellent in 15 cats and good in nine cats. One cat had a contact reaction to the mupirocin, necessitating stopping treatment. The response to treatment of the six cats with dermatophyte or years involvement was good (n = 3) or excellent (n = 3).
Veterinary Dermatology - Tập 8 Số 3 - Trang 157-164 - 1997
Evidence‐based veterinary dermatology: a systematic review of interventions for<i>Malassezia</i>dermatitis in dogs Abstract The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of antifungal treatments forMalassezia dermatitis in dogs and, when possible, to propose recommendation for or against their use. Electronic searches were carried out using PubMed MEDLINE®, CABDirect and CONSULTANT database. The volumes ofAdvances in Veterinary Dermatology , the proceedings of ESVD/ECVD and AAVD/ACVD congresses were hand‐searched for studies relevant to this review. All articles and book chapters discussing treatment ofMalassezia dermatitis were scanned for additional citations. Lastly, a request was sent to the Vetderm Listserv to share recent clinical trials. The analysis evaluated study design, methodology quality, subject enrolment quality, type of interventions and outcome measures. The searches identified 35 articles, and 14 trials that fulfilled the following selection criteria: (i)in vivo clinical trials, (ii) dogs showing clinical lesions ofMalassezia dermatitis and (iii) enrolment of at least five dogs. Among these, only eight studies fulfilled the following additional criterion: (iv) prospectivein vivo clinical trials reporting clinical and mycological outcome measures. A total number of 14 different treatment protocols included four blinded, randomized and controlled trials (quality of evidence grade A), four controlled studies lacking blinding and/or randomization (grade B), five open uncontrolled trials (grade C) and one descriptive study (grade D). This systematic review allowed us to recommend, with good evidence, the use of only one topical treatment ofMalassezia dermatitis (2% miconazole nitrate +2% chlorhexidine, twice a week for 3 weeks) and with fair evidence the use of two systemic treatments with azole derivatives (ketoconazole, 10 mg kg−1 day−1 and itraconazole, 5 mg kg−1 day−1 for 3 weeks).
Veterinary Dermatology - Tập 20 Số 1 - Trang 1-12 - 2009
<i>Malassezia</i> spp. overgrowth in allergic cats Abstract A series of 18 allergic cats with multifocal Malassezia spp. overgrowth is reported: atopic dermatitis was diagnosed in 16, an adverse food reaction in another and one was euthanized 2 months after diagnosis of Malassezia overgrowth. All the cats were otherwise healthy and those tested (16 out of 18) for feline leukaemia or feline immunodeficiency virus infections were all negative. At dermatological examination, multifocal alopecia, erythema, crusting and greasy adherent brownish scales were variably distributed on all cats. Cytological examination revealed Malassezia spp. overgrowth with/without bacterial infection in facial skin (n = 11), ventral neck (n = 6), abdomen (n = 6), ear canal (n = 4), chin (n = 2), ear pinnae (n = 2), interdigital (n = 1) and claw folds skin (n = 1). Moreover, in two cats Malassezia pachydermatis was isolated in fungal cultures from lesional skin. Azoles therapy alone was prescribed in seven, azoles and antibacterial therapy in eight and azoles with both antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory therapy in three of the cats. After 3–4 weeks of treatment, substantial reduction of pruritus and skin lesions was observed in all 11 cats treated with a combined therapy and in five of seven treated solely with azoles. Malassezia spp. overgrowth may represent a secondary cutaneous problem in allergic cats particularly in those presented for dermatological examination displaying greasy adherent brownish scales. The favourable response to treatment with antifungal treatments alone suggests that, as in dogs, Malassezia spp. may be partly responsible for both pruritus and cutaneous lesions in allergic cats.
Veterinary Dermatology - Tập 18 Số 5 - Trang 316-323 - 2007
Sarcoptic mange in free‐ranging raccoon dogs (<i>Nyctereutes procyonoides</i>) in Japan Abstract Sarcoptes scabiei infestation was diagnosed in three freshly dead free‐ranging raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides ) in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. The dogs presented with an alopecic pruritic skin disease, with signs of alopecia on the ears, muzzle, around the eyes, elbow, thigh and the neck, and hyperpigmented and crusted skin lesions, which had a severe malodour. Skin scrapings revealed the presence of the mite Sarcoptes scabiei . Histopathology of lesions demonstrated marked acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis and fungal elements, which were subsequently identified as Acremonium sp., Alternaria sp. and an unknown fungus. Mite segments were located mainly in the stratum corneum and also in the stratum granulosum. Tunnels could be observed in the hyperkeratotic stratum corneum. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the tortoise‐like Sarcoptes scabiei with four long bristles, suckers and blade‐like claws on legs 1 and 2, cuticular spines, prominent body striations and a terminal anus. SEM also revealed an adult female mite digging a tunnel with the head wedged into the very end of the closed burrow. Tunnels filled with eggshells, corneocyte debris and faecal pellets were also observed.
Veterinary Dermatology - Tập 16 Số 3 - Trang 177-182 - 2005
Effect of feeding on the pharmacokinetics of oral minocycline in healthy research dogs Background The effect of food on minocycline oral absorption in dogs is unknown. Objective The objective was to determine the pharmacokinetics of minocycline after administration of a single oral dose in fed and fasted dogs. Methods Ten research hounds were administered oral minocycline (approximately 5 mg/kg) with and without food, in a crossover study, with a one‐week wash‐out between treatments. Blood samples were collected immediately prior to minocycline administration and over 24 h. Minocycline plasma drug concentrations were measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography using ultraviolet detection and were analysed with compartmental modelling to determine primary pharmacokinetic parameters. Each dog was analysed independently, followed by calculation of means and variation of the dogs. The Wilcoxon signed–rank test [analysing secondary pharmacokinetic parameters – peak concentration (C MAX AUC )] was used to compare the two groups. A population pharmacokinetic modelling approach was performed using nonlinear mixed effects modelling of primary parameters for the population as fixed effects and the difference between subjects as a random effect. Covariate analysis was used to identify the source of variability in the population. Results No significant difference was found between treatments forAUC (P = 0.0645), althoughAUC was higher in fasted dogs. A significant difference was found forC MAX P = 0.0059), with fasted dogs attaining a higherC MAX Conclusions and clinical importance Because feeding was a significant source of variation for the population's primary pharmacokinetic parameters and fasted dogs had higher minocycline concentrations, we recommend administering minocycline without food.
Veterinary Dermatology - Tập 26 Số 6 - Trang 399 - 2015
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