Pest Management Science
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Predicting the invasion risk of rugose spiraling whitefly, <i>Aleurodicus rugioperculatus</i>, in India based on <scp>CMIP6</scp> projections by <scp>MaxEnt</scp> Abstract BACKGROUND Rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW), Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin, is a highly polyphagous invasive pest native to Central America. The occurrence of A. rugioperculatus in the Oriental region was first reported from Pollachi, Tamil Nadu, India in 2017. This pest is widely distributed in India, causing severe economic damage to coconut and other horticultural crops. It is a recent invasion in India and information on its potential distribution is lacking. Thus, in the present study we used the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) dataset through Maximum Entropy species distribution modelling (version 3.4.1, MaxEnt) to determine the potential distribution of RSW in present and future climate change scenarios in 2050 and 2070 under Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) 126 and SSP585 emission scenarios. The performance of the model was evaluated using the area under the curve (AUC), true skill statistics (TSS) and the continuous Boyce index (CBI). RESULTS The MaxEnt model performed well and predicted the potential distribution of A. rugioperculatus with high‐accuracy AUC values of 0.991 and 0.989, TSS values of 0.891 and 0.842, and CBI values of 0.972 and 0.934 for training and testing, respectively. Jackknife analysis revealed that A . rugioperculatus distribution was mostly influenced by temperature‐based bioclimatic variables contributing 62.1% of the suitability, with precipitation variables contributing the remainder. The most important bioclimatic variables for RSW distribution were annual mean temperature (Bio 1, 28.9%) followed by mean diurnal range (Bio 2, 19.5%) and annual precipitation (Bio 12, 19.1). Potential suitable areas for RSW establishment were mostly found in all coastal and southern states of India. A . rugioperculatus prefers a warm and humid climate, indicating that the tropics, subtropics and temperate regions are ideal for its spread and invasion. Our results highlighted that the suitable habitat area for A . rugioperculatus is predicted to increase and highest probability of invasion and spread in 2050 and 2070 under future climate change scenarios of SSP126 and SSP585 compared to present climatic conditions. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to use the latest CMIP6 models and it predicts the potential distribution of RSW in India under present and future climate change scenarios. The implementation of strict domestic quarantine measures may prevent the spread and damage of RSW to noncoastal regions of India. The results of the current study should help in timely monitoring and surveillance of RSW and to formulate integrated pest management strategies at the national level to restrict its spread, invasion and damage to new areas. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Pest Management Science - Tập 79 Số 1 - Trang 295-305 - 2023
The hydroxyanilide fenhexamid, a new sterol biosynthesis inhibitor fungicide efficient against the plant pathogenic fungus <i>Botryotinia fuckeliana</i> (<i>Botrytis cinerea</i>) Abstract Fenhexamid, a recently developed botryticide, is shown here to inhibit sterol biosynthesis. When the fungus Botryotinia fuckeliana was grown in the presence of fenhexamid, the ergosterol content was reduced, and three 3‐keto compounds, 4α‐methylfecosterone, fecosterone and episterone, accumulated, suggesting an inhibition of the 3‐keto reductase involved in C‐4 demethylation. Thus, fenhexamid belongs to a new, promising class of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors not previously used in agriculture or in medicine. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Pest Management Science - Tập 57 Số 11 - Trang 1060-1067 - 2001
Non‐competitive GABA antagonists: probing the mechanisms of their selectivity for insect <i>versus</i> mammalian receptors Abstract A great variety of non‐competitive antagonists of ionotropic γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors have been reported. While they are structurally diverse, there are common features in their structures. Thus, it was hypothesized that they bind to an identical site in different or overlapping orientations, and this hypothesis was validated by three‐dimensional structure–activity relationship (3D‐QSAR) analysis using receptor‐binding data. Meanwhile, although most antagonists are highly toxic to both vertebrates and invertebrates, several classes of antagonists, such as nor‐diterpene lactone picrodendrins, phenyl heterocyclic compounds and disubstituted bicyclophosphorothionates, were found to exhibit selectivity for housefly versus rat GABA receptors. To probe their selectivity mechanisms, the 3D‐QSAR method was applied to the three classes of antagonists. This revealed several important differences that might be related to the selectivity of antagonists between the structures of the non‐competitive antagonist‐binding sites of housefly and rat GABA receptors. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Pest Management Science - Tập 57 Số 10 - Trang 923-931 - 2001
Fate and transport of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in surface waters of agricultural basins Abstract BACKGROUND: Glyphosate [N ‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine] is a herbicide used widely throughout the world in the production of many crops and is heavily used on soybeans, corn and cotton. Glyphosate is used in almost all agricultural areas of the United States, and the agricultural use of glyphosate has increased from less than 10 000 Mg in 1992 to more than 80 000 Mg in 2007. The greatest intensity of glyphosate use is in the midwestern United States, where applications are predominantly to genetically modified corn and soybeans. In spite of the increase in usage across the United States, the characterization of the transport of glyphosate and its degradate aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) on a watershed scale is lacking.RESULTS: Glyphosate and AMPA were frequently detected in the surface waters of four agricultural basins. The frequency and magnitude of detections varied across basins, and the load, as a percentage of use, ranged from 0.009 to 0.86% and could be related to three general characteristics: source strength, rainfall runoff and flow route.CONCLUSIONS: Glyphosate use in a watershed results in some occurrence in surface water; however, the watersheds most at risk for the offsite transport of glyphosate are those with high application rates, rainfall that results in overland runoff and a flow route that does not include transport through the soil. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Pest Management Science - Tập 68 Số 1 - Trang 16-30 - 2012
A review of potential pathogens of sea lice and the application of cleaner fish in biological control Abstract There are many examples of successful biological control of pest populations in aquatic environments. This approach to sea louse control has environmental benefits and is cost‐effective. The range of possible pathogens of lice is reviewed and epibionts recorded from sea lice, including the monogenean Udonella caligorum and ciliates, are examined. Baculoviruses when ingested by insects form occlusion bodies resulting in severe damage to the digestive system and subsequent death, and this may be a promising approach. Cleaner wrasse (Labridae) have been stocked commercially with farmed salmon since 1989, and recent work on improving the method is reviewed. Wrasse are sourced from a wild fishery and stocked at ratios of 1 to 25–150 salmon. Over 5 million wrasse are stocked annually in Norway and c 30% of smolts in Scotland were stocked with wrasse until 1998, when an outbreak of infections salmon anaemia (ISA) deterred many farmers from transferring wild fish to cages. A case study is given showing that salmon in cages stocked with wrasse had a burden of one to eight lice through the first year compared with up to 40 lice per fish on unprotected and untreated fish. Electivity indices were used to compare the relative composition of lice developmental stages on salmon in stocked and unstocked cages, and adult male and female lice were found to comprise only 6% of the population in cages with wrasse, compared with 49% adults on fish in control cages. Measures to improve the efficacy of wrasse as a way of cleaning salmon in the second production year include the use of refuges to assist over‐wintering survival, and stocking ballan wrasse. Health hygiene includes sourcing wrasse in the farm locality, testing for pathogens, vaccination of wrasse and ultimately rearing wrasse for stocking. The role of wrasse in an IPM strategy is described. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Pest Management Science - Tập 58 Số 6 - Trang 546-558 - 2002
The effect of abamectin application in combination with agronomic measures on the control efficacy of cucumber root‐knot nematodes and the cucumber yield Abstract BACKGROUND As a registered non‐fumigant nematicide, abamectin has been widely used as a soil treatment against many cash crop nematode diseases. In a previous study, we found that soil adsorption hindered the stable performance of abamectin against root‐knot nematodes in the field. RESULTS In this study, an efficient and labor‐saving application method of soil blending abamectin combined with rotary tillage, a common agronomic measure, was developed to improve the efficacy of abamectin against root‐knot nematode disease. We revealed the role of four parameters in this application method. At an abamectin dose of 750 g a.i. ha−1 , spray water volume of 675 L ha−1 and rotation depth of 20 cm, abamectin was well distributed in the 0–20 cm soil layer at a concentration of 0.41–0.46 mg kg−1 , the efficacy against root‐knot nematode disease was 72.12%, and the cucumber yield was 51.93 t ha−1 . At the same dosage, root irrigation and flood irrigation measures resulted in only 29.28% and 33.43% control, with cucumber yields of 42.96 and 44.73 t ha−1 , respectively. CONCLUSION To control root‐knot nematode disease with abamectin, a soil blending application combined with rotary tilling is superior to leaching application combined with the agronomic measure of irrigation. The former application method can improve the dispersion of abamectin in the soil, enhance the efficacy of abamectin against root‐knot nematodes and maintain a stable cucumber yield. In addition, the increased labor required for application combined with agronomic measures is negligible and has excellent application prospects. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Pest Management Science - Tập 79 Số 9 - Trang 3190-3199 - 2023
Improving the efficacy against crop foliage disease by regulating fungicide adhesion on leaves with soft microcapsules Abstract BACKGROUND Increasing pesticide retention on crop leaves is a key approach for guaranteeing efficacy when products are applied to foliage. Evidently, the formulation plays an important role in this process. Microcapsules (MCs) are a promising formulation, but whether and how their adhesion to the leaf surface affects retention and efficacy is not well understood. RESULTS In this study, we found that the incorporation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) with different molecular weights into the MC shell affects the release profile of MCs and the contact area of these MCs to leaves by changing their softness. The cumulative release rates of pyraclostrobin (Pyr) MCs fabricated with PEG200, PEG400, PEG800 and PEG1500 were 80.61%, 90.98%, 94.07% and 97.40%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy observations showed that the flexibility of the MCs increased with increasing PEG molecular weight. The median lethal concentration (LC50 ) of the MCs with different PEG to the zebrafish were 12.10, 8.10, 3.90 and 1.46 mg L−1 , respectively, which also indirectly reflected their release rate. Rainwater had less influence on the retention of the MCs prepared with PEG1500 than with the other PEG, which indicates a better adhesion to the target leave surfaces. MCs with the highest residual efficacy had better control efficacy on peanut leaf spot in field trials. CONCLUSION Overall, adding PEG with an appropriate molecular weight to the MC shell can regulate the structure of the MC shell to improve the affinity between the MCs and leaves, which further improves the utilization of pesticides and reduces the environmental risks of pesticides. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Pest Management Science - Tập 77 Số 10 - Trang 4418-4424 - 2021
Gene expression in pyriproxyfen‐ resistant <i>Bemisia tabaci</i> Q biotype Abstract Pyriproxyfen is a biorational insecticide that acts as a juvenile hormone (JH) analogue and disrupts insect development with an unknown molecular mode of action. Pyriproxyfen is one of the major insecticides used to control the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and comply with integrated pest management (IPM) programmes, resulting in minimal effects on the environment, humans and beneficial organisms. During the last few years, resistance to pyriproxyfen has been observed in several locations in Israel, sometimes reaching a thousandfold or more. No information exists about the molecular basis underlying this resistance that may lead to understanding the mode of action of pyriproxyfen and developing molecular markers for rapid monitoring of resistance outbreaks. In this communication, a cDNA microarray from B. tabaci was used to monitor changes in gene expression in a resistant B. tabaci population. Based on statistical analysis, 111 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were identified that were differentially upregulated in the resistant strain after pyriproxyfen treatment. Many of the upregulated ESTs observed in the present study belong to families usually associated with resistance and xenobiotic detoxification such as mitochondrial genes, P450s and oxidative stress, genes associated with protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and others related to JH‐associated processes in insects such as oocyte and egg development. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Pest Management Science - Tập 63 Số 8 - Trang 776-783 - 2007
Insecticide resistance status of <i>Bemisia tabaci</i> Q‐biotype in south‐eastern Spain Abstract BACKGROUND: Bemisia tabaci Gennadius Q‐biotype has readily developed resistance to numerous insecticide classes. Studies in the Mediterranean area are needed to clarify the resistance status and cross‐resistance patterns in this invasive whitefly biotype. The levels of resistance in nymphs of seven strains of B. tabaci Q‐biotype from south‐eastern Spain to representative insecticides were determined.RESULTS: Six populations had low to moderate levels of resistance to azadirachtin (0.2‐ to 7‐fold), buprofezin (11‐ to 59‐fold), imidacloprid (1‐ to 15‐fold), methomyl (3‐ to 55‐fold), pyridaben (0.9‐ to 9‐fold), pyriproxyfen (0.7‐ to 15‐fold) and spiromesifen (1‐ to 7‐fold), when compared with a contemporary Spanish Q‐biotype reference population (LC50 = 2.7, 8.7, 15.2, 19.9, 0.34, 20.9 and 1.1 mg L−1 respectively). A single population collected from a greenhouse subject to intensive insecticide use exhibited generally higher resistance levels to the same array of compounds (31‐, 1164‐, 3‐, 52‐, 9‐, 19‐ and 3‐fold respectively). Pyridaben and spiromesifen were extremely effective against nymphs of all strains, with LC50 values significantly below recommended application rates.CONCLUSION: In contrast to previous reports, high rates of efficacy exist for numerous insecticide classes against B. tabaci Q‐biotype populations in these intensive agricultural regions of south‐eastern Spain. This probably reflects the recent and significant reductions in exposure that have resulted from a wider uptake of IPM technologies and strategies. However, the continued presence of resistance genes also suggests that a reversion to levels of high insecticide exposure could result in a rapid selection for resistance. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Pest Management Science - Tập 65 Số 8 - Trang 885-891 - 2009
Homology modelling of <i>Drosophila</i> cytochrome P450 enzymes associated with insecticide resistance Abstract BACKGROUND: Overexpression of the cytochrome P450 gene Cyp6g1 confers resistance against DDT and a broad range of other insecticides in Drosophila melanogaster Meig. In the absence of crystal structures of CYP6G1 or complexes with its substrates, structural studies rely on homology modelling and ligand docking to understand P450–substrate interactions.RESULTS: Homology models are presented for CYP6G1, a P450 associated with resistance to DDT and neonicotinoids, and two other enzymes associated with insecticide resistance in D. melanogaster , CYP12D1 and CYP6A2. The models are based on a template of the X‐ray structure of the phylogenetically related human CYP3A4, which is known for its broad substrate specificity. The model of CYP6G1 has a much smaller active site cavity than the template. The cavity is also ‘V’‐shaped and is lined with hydrophobic residues, showing high shape and chemical complementarity with the molecular characteristics of DDT. Comparison of the DDT–CYP6G1 complex and a non‐resistant CYP6A2 homology model implies that tight‐fit recognition of this insecticide is important in CYP6G1. The active site can accommodate differently shaped substrates ranging from imidacloprid to malathion but not the pyrethroids permethrin and cyfluthrin.CONCLUSION: The CYP6G1, CYP12D1 and CYP6A2 homology models can provide a structural insight into insecticide resistance in flies overexpressing P450 enzymes with broad substrate specificities. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Pest Management Science - Tập 66 Số 10 - Trang 1106-1115 - 2010
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