International Journal of Climatology
SCIE-ISI SCOPUS (1989-2023)
1097-0088
0899-8418
Anh Quốc
Cơ quản chủ quản: John Wiley and Sons Ltd , WILEY
Các bài báo tiêu biểu
We created a new dataset of spatially interpolated monthly climate data for global land areas at a very high spatial resolution (approximately 1 km2). We included monthly temperature (minimum, maximum and average), precipitation, solar radiation, vapour pressure and wind speed, aggregated across a target temporal range of 1970–2000, using data from between 9000 and 60 000 weather stations. Weather station data were interpolated using thin‐plate splines with covariates including elevation, distance to the coast and three satellite‐derived covariates: maximum and minimum land surface temperature as well as cloud cover, obtained with the
Bài báo này mô tả việc xây dựng một bộ dữ liệu khí hậu lưới cập nhật (được gọi là
Progress in urban climatology over the two decades since the first publication of the
There is now a large published literature on the strengths and weaknesses of downscaling methods for different climatic variables, in different regions and seasons. However, little attention is given to the choice of downscaling method when examining the impacts of climate change on hydrological systems. This review paper assesses the current downscaling literature, examining new developments in the downscaling field specifically for hydrological impacts. Sections focus on the downscaling concept; new methods; comparative methodological studies; the modelling of extremes; and the application to hydrological impacts.
Consideration is then given to new developments in climate scenario construction which may offer the most potential for advancement within the ‘downscaling for hydrological impacts’ community, such as probabilistic modelling, pattern scaling and downscaling of multiple variables and suggests ways that they can be merged with downscaling techniques in a probabilistic climate change scenario framework to assess the uncertainties associated with future projections. Within hydrological impact studies there is still little consideration given to applied research; how the results can be best used to enable stakeholders and managers to make informed, robust decisions on adaptation and mitigation strategies in the face of many uncertainties about the future. It is suggested that there is a need for a move away from comparison studies into the provision of decision‐making tools for planning and management that are robust to future uncertainties; with examination and understanding of uncertainties within the modelling system. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Chúng tôi trình bày một tập dữ liệu chuỗi thời gian khí hậu có độ phân giải hàng ngày đã được biên soạn cho Đánh giá Khí hậu Châu Âu (ECA). Tính đến tháng 12 năm 2001, tập dữ liệu ECA này bao gồm 199 chuỗi về nhiệt độ tối thiểu, tối đa và/hoặc nhiệt độ trung bình hàng ngày, cùng với 195 chuỗi về lượng mưa hàng ngày được quan sát tại các trạm khí tượng ở Châu Âu và Trung Đông. Gần như tất cả các chuỗi đều bao phủ giai đoạn tiêu chuẩn bình thường từ năm 1961 đến 1990, và khoảng 50% kéo dài ít nhất từ năm 1925. Một phần của tập dữ liệu (90%) được cung cấp cho nghiên cứu khí hậu trên CDROM và qua Internet (tại
So sánh tập dữ liệu ECA với các tập dữ liệu lưới có độ phân giải hàng tháng cho thấy hệ số tương quan giữa các trạm ECA và các ô lưới đất liền gần nhất trong khoảng thời gian từ 1946 đến 1999 cao hơn 0.8 cho 93% số chuỗi nhiệt độ và 51% số chuỗi lượng mưa. Các xu hướng tổng thể trong tập dữ liệu ECA có độ lớn tương đương với những xu hướng trong các tập dữ liệu lưới.
Tiềm năng của tập dữ liệu ECA cho các nghiên cứu khí hậu được chứng minh qua hai ví dụ. Trong ví dụ đầu tiên, cho thấy rằng sự ấm lên vào mùa đông (tháng 10–tháng 3) ở Châu Âu trong giai đoạn 1976-1999 đi kèm với một xu hướng tích cực trong số ngày sóng ấm tại hầu hết các trạm, nhưng không đi kèm với một xu hướng tiêu cực trong số ngày sóng lạnh. Thay vào đó, số ngày sóng lạnh tăng lên trên khắp Châu Âu. Trong ví dụ thứ hai, được chỉ ra rằng đối với lượng mưa vào mùa đông giữa năm 1946 và 1999, các xu hướng tích cực trong lượng mưa trung bình mỗi ngày ẩm chiếm ưu thế ở những khu vực đang trở nên khô hơn và ẩm hơn.
Landscape‐scale ecological modelling has been hindered by suitable high‐resolution surface meteorological datasets. To overcome these limitations, desirable spatial attributes of gridded climate data are combined with desirable temporal attributes of regional‐scale reanalysis and daily gauge‐based precipitation to derive a spatially and temporally complete, high‐resolution (4‐km) gridded dataset of surface meteorological variables required in ecological modelling for the contiguous United States from 1979 to 2010. Validation of the resulting gridded surface meteorological data, using an extensive network of automated weather stations across the western United States, showed skill comparable to that derived from interpolation using station observations, suggesting it can serve as suitable surrogate for landscape‐scale ecological modelling across vast unmonitored areas of the United States. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) remains the most important coupled ocean–atmosphere phenomenon to cause global climate variability on seasonal to interannual time scales. This paper addresses the need for a reliable ENSO index that allows for the historical definition of ENSO events in the instrumental record back to 1871. The Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) was originally defined as the first seasonally varying principal component of six atmosphere–ocean (COADS) variable fields in the tropical Pacific basin. It provides for a more complete and flexible description of the ENSO phenomenon than single variable ENSO indices such as the SOI or Niño 3.4 SST. Here we describe our effort to boil the MEI concept down to its most essential components (based on SLP, SST) to enable historical analyses that more than double its period of record to 1871–2005. The new MEI.ext confirms that ENSO activity went through a lull in the early‐ to mid‐20th century, but was just about as prevalent one century ago as in recent decades. We diagnose strong relationships between peak amplitudes of ENSO events and their duration, as well as between their peak amplitudes and their spacing (periodicity). Our effort is designed to help with the assessment of ENSO conditions through as long a record as possible to be able to differentiate between ‘natural’ ENSO behaviour in all its rich facets, and the ‘Brave New World’ of this phenomenon under evolving GHG‐related climate conditions. So far, none of the behaviour of recent ENSO events appears unprecedented, including duration, onset timing, and spacing in the last few decades compared to a full century before then. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Climate and weather constitute a typical example where high dimensional and complex phenomena meet. The atmospheric system is the result of highly complex interactions between many degrees of freedom or modes. In order to gain insight in understanding the dynamical/physical behaviour involved it is useful to attempt to understand their interactions in terms of a much smaller number of prominent modes of variability. This has led to the development by atmospheric researchers of methods that give a space display and a time display of large space‐time atmospheric data.
Empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) were first used in meteorology in the late 1940s. The method, which decomposes a space‐time field into spatial patterns and associated time indices, contributed much in advancing our knowledge of the atmosphere. However, since the atmosphere contains all sorts of features, e.g. stationary and propagating, EOFs are unable to provide a full picture. For example, EOFs tend, in general, to be difficult to interpret because of their geometric properties, such as their global feature, and their orthogonality in space and time. To obtain more localised features, modifications, e.g. rotated EOFs (REOFs), have been introduced. At the same time, because these methods cannot deal with propagating features, since they only use spatial correlation of the field, it was necessary to use both spatial and time information in order to identify such features. Extended and complex EOFs were introduced to serve that purpose.
Because of the importance of EOFs and closely related methods in atmospheric science, and because the existing reviews of the subject are slightly out of date, there seems to be a need to update our knowledge by including new developments that could not be presented in previous reviews. This review proposes to achieve precisely this goal. The basic theory of the main types of EOFs is reviewed, and a wide range of applications using various data sets are also provided. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society