Solar panel conversion efficiency, typically in the twenty percent range, is reduced by dust, grime, pollen, and other particulates that accumulate on the solar panel. Cleaning dirty panels to maintain peak efficiency, which is especially hard to do for large solar-panel arrays. To develop a transparent, anti-soiling Nano-TiO2 coating to minimize the need for occasional cleaning is the purpose of ...... hiện toàn bộ
This paper endeavours to understand the climate change phenomenon and identify measures taken to contain it. It discusses global warming causes and consequences and assesses effectiveness of the United Nations (UN) polices following failure of the Kyoto Protocol to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In pursuing this course of action, this paper utilizes data collected from East Africa region. Key is...... hiện toàn bộ
The question of density is closely connected to urbanization and how our cities may evolve in the future. Density and compactness are two closely related but different criteria, both relevant for sustainable urban development and the transformation of cities; however, their relationship is not always well understood. While a high degree of compactness is desirable, too much density can be detrimen...... hiện toàn bộ
As one of the most energy-, emission- and pollution-intensive industries, iron and steel production is responsible for significant emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollutants. Although many energy-efficiency measures have been proposed by the Chinese government to mitigate GHG emissions and to improve air quality, lacking full understanding of the costs and benefits has created barriers a...... hiện toàn bộ
Monthly-averaged daily global irradiation data are now easily available from NASA website for any global location. Using established models it is then possible to decompose the daily to averaged-hourly global irradiation. The missing link so far has been hourly averaged diffuse irradiation. In this article data was pooled from 14 world-wide locations to obtain a regression model to complete the ab...... hiện toàn bộ
Christian Fertner, Gertrud Jørgensen, Thomas Alexander Sick Nielsen, Kjell Svenne Bernhard Nilsson
Urban growth management has become a common term to circumscribe strategies and tools to regulate urban land use in metropolitan areas. It is particularly used to counteract negative impacts of urban sprawl but also to frame future urban development. We discuss recent challenges of urban growth in 6 European and 2 US American city-regions. The paper compares the urban development focusing on a qua...... hiện toàn bộ
India is known to emit large amounts of black carbon (BC) particles, and the existing estimates of the BC emission from the transport sector in the country widely range from 72 ~ 456 Gg/year (for the 2000’s). First, we reduce the uncertainty range by constraining the existing estimates by credible isotope analysis results. The revised estimate is from 74 ~ 254 Gg/year. Second, we derive our own BC...... hiện toàn bộ