Annual Review of Immunology
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TAM Receptor Signaling in Immune Homeostasis The TAM receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)—TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK—together with their cognate agonists GAS6 and PROS1 play an essential role in the resolution of inflammation. Deficiencies in TAM signaling have been associated with chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Three processes regulated by TAM signaling may contribute, either independently or collectively, to immune homeostasis: the negative regulation of the innate immune response, the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, and the restoration of vascular integrity. Recent studies have also revealed the function of TAMs in infectious diseases and cancer. Here, we review the important milestones in the discovery of these RTKs and their ligands and the studies that underscore the functional importance of this signaling pathway in physiological immune settings and disease.
Annual Review of Immunology - Tập 33 Số 1 - Trang 355-391 - 2015
Genetics, Expression, and Function of Idiotypes
Annual Review of Immunology - Tập 1 Số 1 - Trang 569-607 - 1983
Pathways of Antigen Processing T cell recognition of antigen-presenting cells depends on their expression of a spectrum of peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and class II (MHC-II) molecules. Conversion of antigens from pathogens or transformed cells into MHC-I- and MHC-II-bound peptides is critical for mounting protective T cell responses, and similar processing of self proteins is necessary to establish and maintain tolerance. Cells use a variety of mechanisms to acquire protein antigens, from translation in the cytosol to variations on the theme of endocytosis, and to degrade them once acquired. In this review, we highlight the aspects of MHC-I and MHC-II biosynthesis and assembly that have evolved to intersect these pathways and sample the peptides that are produced.
Annual Review of Immunology - Tập 31 Số 1 - Trang 443-473 - 2013
The Binding and Lysis of Target Cells by Cytotoxic Lymphocytes: Molecular and Cellular Aspects
Annual Review of Immunology - Tập 12 Số 1 - Trang 735-773 - 1994
Toward A Vaccine for AIDS: The Emergence of Immunobiology-Based Vaccine Development
Annual Review of Immunology - Tập 12 Số 1 - Trang 923-989 - 1994
Toll-Like Receptors The innate immune system in drosophila and mammals senses the invasion of microorganisms using the family of Toll receptors, stimulation of which initiates a range of host defense mechanisms. In drosophila antimicrobial responses rely on two signaling pathways: the Toll pathway and the IMD pathway. In mammals there are at least 10 members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family that recognize specific components conserved among microorganisms. Activation of the TLRs leads not only to the induction of inflammatory responses but also to the development of antigen-specific adaptive immunity. The TLR-induced inflammatory response is dependent on a common signaling pathway that is mediated by the adaptor molecule MyD88. However, there is evidence for additional pathways that mediate TLR ligand-specific biological responses.
Annual Review of Immunology - Tập 21 Số 1 - Trang 335-376 - 2003
Apoptosis and Programmed Cell Death in Immunity Death of some cells in the mammalian body is clearly programmed. In the immune system there are many examples of programmed cell death, during development of lymphocytes as well as at later stages, after interaction with antigen. Many of these examples display the morphology of apoptosis: They undergo shrinkage and zeiosis, the nucleus collapses, and chromatin is cleaved into nucleosomal fragments. The cell is rapidly recognized by phagocytes and disposed of without releasing its contents. In some but not all cases of apoptosis, new macromolecular synthesis is required. Cytotoxic T cells induce changes in their targets that are morphologically apoptotic. The mechanism ofapoptosis is currently under active investigation.
Annual Review of Immunology - Tập 10 Số 1 - Trang 267-293 - 1992
Follicular Helper CD4 T Cells (T<sub>FH</sub>) T cell help to B cells is a fundamental aspect of adaptive immunity and the generation of immunological memory. Follicular helper CD4 T (TFH ) cells are the specialized providers of B cell help. TFH cells depend on expression of the master regulator transcription factor Bcl6. Distinguishing features of TFH cells are the expression of CXCR5, PD-1, SAP (SH2D1A), IL-21, and ICOS, among other molecules, and the absence of Blimp-1 (prdm1). TFH cells are important for the formation of germinal centers. Once germinal centers are formed, TFH cells are needed to maintain them and to regulate germinal center B cell differentiation into plasma cells and memory B cells. This review covers TFH differentiation, TFH functions, and human TFH cells, discussing recent progress and areas of uncertainty or disagreement in the literature, and it debates the developmental relationship between TFH cells and other CD4 T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, iTreg).
Annual Review of Immunology - Tập 29 Số 1 - Trang 621-663 - 2011
MECHANISMS OF MHC CLASS I–RESTRICTED ANTIGEN PROCESSING ▪ Abstract Classical class I molecules assemble in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with peptides mostly generated from cytosolic proteins by the proteasome. The activity of the proteasome can be modulated by a variety of accessory protein complexes. A subset of the proteasome β-subunits (LMP2, LMP7, and MECL-1) and one of the accessory complexes, PA28, are upregulated by γ-interferon and affect the generation of peptides to promote more efficient antigen recognition. The peptides are translocated into the ER by the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP). A transient complex containing a class I heavy chain–β2 microglobulin (β2 m) dimer is assembled onto the TAP molecule by successive interactions with the ER chaperones calnexin and calreticulin and a specialized molecule, tapasin. Peptide binding releases the class I–β2 m dimer for transport to the cell surface, while lack of binding results in proteasome-mediated degradation. The products of certain nonclassical MHC-linked class I genes bind peptides in a similar way. A homologous set of β2 m-associated membrane glycoproteins, the CD1 molecules, appears to bind lipid-based ligands within the endocytic pathway.
Annual Review of Immunology - Tập 16 Số 1 - Trang 323-358 - 1998
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