Wiley
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Two phosphorus‐containing heterocyclic flame retardants ‐9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO) and 2,8‐dimethyl‐phenoxaphosphin‐10‐oxide (DPPO) ‐ and their derivatives were characterized and incorporated in the backbone of epoxy novolac to obtain flame‐retardant epoxy resins. The structures and spectroscopic data including high‐resolution mass spectroscopy of these flame retardants were determined. Flame‐retardant epoxy resins with a phosphorus content of up to 2% based on heterocyclic DOPO and DPPO were cured with 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM), and their features were examined by UL 94, LOI, and DSC. In this manner, high‐performance polymers with glass transition temperatures around 190°C and the UL 94 rating V0 were obtained. These polymers were compared with epoxy resins incorporating diphenyl phosphite and diphenyl phosphate, which are nonheterocyclic and do not pass the UL 94 test up to 2% phosphorus. DPPO has a similar flame retardancy like the commercially available DOPO. Furthermore, to explain the difference in the efficiency of the tested flame retardants, key experiments for the determination of the active species during the flame‐retarding process were performed and the PO radical was identified. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007.
The polymerization (polymer deposition) rate of styrene in an electrodeless glow discharge from styrene vapor and a mixture of styrene vapor and gas (H2, He, A, and N2) was investigated. The rate of polymerization,
The polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan/graphene oxide/Ag composite films are facilely fabricated as active multifunctional food packaging materials. The AgNPs of less than 10 nm immobilized onto CS/GO matrices are in situ synthesized by using NaBH4 as a reductant. The effect of different amounts of Ag and CS:GO weight ratios on the mechanical properties, water resistance, optical properties, thermal stability, and antibacterial activities of various films are systematically investigated. The composite film obtained at 0.5 wt% AgNP loading and a CS:GO ratio of 5:1 demonstrates significantly improved tensile strength (33.07 MPa, 1.7 times higher), reduced water swelling (2.4 times lower), increased contact angle (71.08° vs. 53.54°), and enhanced thermal stability compared to the neat PVA film. Additionally, these composite films exhibit excellent bacterial killing and inhibition activities against
Nanocomposites consisting of poly(styrene‐
Using plant derived polymers for the composite production has been considering as an efficiently attempt to reduce the impacts from the environmental pollution as well as utilizes the benefits they can bring. Fully jute/polyamide 11 (PA11) biocomposites are green materials expected to own many outstanding advantages of both components for example, high‐mechanical performances and especially environmentally friendliness. However, to the best of our knowledge, these materials has not been studied so far. This work focuses on the further modification of alkaline pre‐treated jute fibers by using vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) and evaluates the effect of silanization on the interaction and adhesion between jute fibers and PA11 resin as well as the characteristics of resulting composites. By using Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetry, mechanical property analysis, color difference measurement, and scanning electron microscopy observations, the contribution of VTMS modification to the enhancement on the interfacial interaction and adhesion between fibers and PA11 resin proved clearly. The results showed that tensile strength, impact strength; and Young's modulus of silanized jute biocomposites increased by 44.1; 26.5 and 55.6%, respectively in comparison to those of untreated fiber biocomposites. Similarly, thermal stability, resistance to water absorption and weathering resistance of obtained biocomposites were improved.
Dispersive mixing is most efficiently accomplished with pure straining flow. Vorticity in the flow field inhibits this extending action; accordingly, the presence of shearing flow will decrease the overall effectiveness of dispersive mixing processes. A method to reduce the vorticity by inducing lubricated flow through development of a nonuniform distribution of the components of a polymer blend is described.
Dispersive mixing is most efficiently accomplished with pure straining flow. Vorticity in the flow field inhibits this extending action; accordingly, the presence of shearing flow will decrease the overall effectiveness of dispersive mixing processes. A method to reduce the vorticity by inducing lubricated flow through development of a nonuniform distribution of the components of a polymer blend is described.
In the present study the step response experiments were carried out with power law fluids in two helical coils to examine the suitability of axial dispersed plug flow model in describing the laminar dispersion of non‐Newtonian fluids in helical coils. The ranges of variables covered are 10 ≤ λ ≤ 100,0.01 ≤
The current “gold standard” to treat bone lesions is allografts and autografts, both presenting important disadvantages such as risk of infection and morbidity. Synthetic grafts and scaffolds for bone regeneration represent a promising solution. Fused deposition modeling is a valid tool for developing synthetic bone grafts of complex shapes, which is a key issue. The possibility of building polylactic acid–nanohydroxyapatite (PLA/nanoHA) composites by 3D printing was systematically evaluated. PLA/nanoHA filaments for low‐cost 3D printers were produced by a multistep solvent‐free procedure and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry, and rheometry. TGA analysis confirmed the presence of the nanoHA amounts used in the composites, equal to 5 and 15 wt %. The glass‐transition temperature and degree of crystallinity of PLA are not influenced by presence of nanoHA, which remains substantially amorphous. The morphological analysis and compression testing on printed samples showed that nanoHA was uniformly dispersed within the PLA matrix and improved the PLA mechanical properties without changing the rheological performance. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
For the first time, soy protein isolate (SPI)/hydroxypropyl alkaline lignin (HPL) composites have been successfully prepared by mixing them in aqueous solution containing a small amount of glutaraldehyde as compatibilizer, and then compression‐molded to obtain plastic sheets. The structures of the SPI/HPL composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, indicating the existence of amorphous networks and nanoscale HPL dispersion in the SPI matrix. When HPL content was lower than 6 wt %, the HPL‐domain occurred in SPI/HPL composites with a dimension of about 50 nm, indicating a high interfacial activity. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed that the glass transition temperature of the SPI/HPL sheets increased from 62.5 to 70.4°C with an increase of HPL content from 0 to 6 wt %. Moreover, the tensile strength of the SPI/HPL nanocomposite sheets with 6 wt % HPL and 3.3 wt % glutaraldehyde was enhanced from 8.4 to 23.1 MPa compared with that of the SPI sheets, suggesting that the nanoscale HPL dispersion significantly reinforced the SPI materials. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 334–341, 2006
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