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Các bài báo tiêu biểu
The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme
An adaptationist programme has dominated evolutionary thought in England and the United States during the past 40 years. It is based on faith in the power of natural selection as an optimizing agent. It proceeds by breaking an organism into unitary ‘traits’ and proposing an adaptive story for each considered separately. Trade-offs among competing selective demands exert the on... ...
Tập 205 Số 1161 - Trang 581-598 - 1979
Theory of edge detection
A theory of edge detection is presented. The analysis proceeds in two parts. (1) Intensity changes, which occur in a natural image over a wide range of scales, are detected separately at different scales. An appropriate filter for this purpose at a given scale is found to be the second derivative of a Gaussian, and it is shown that, provided some simple conditions are satisfie... ...
Tập 207 Số 1167 - Trang 187-217 - 1980
Virus interference. I. The interferonDuring a study of the interference produced by heat-inactivated influenza virus with the growth of live virus in fragments of chick chorio-allantoic membrane it was found that following incubation of heated virus with membrane a new factor was released. This factor, recognized by its ability to induce interference in fresh pieces of chorio-allantoic membrane, was called interferon. Followi... ...
Tập 147 Số 927 - Trang 258-267 - 1957
Ferrier lecture - Functional architecture of macaque monkey visual cortexOf the many possible functions of the macaque monkey primary visual cortex (striate cortex, area 17) two are now fairly well understood. First, the incoming information from the lateral geniculate bodies is rearranged so that most cells in the striate cortex respond to specifically oriented line segments, and, second, information originating from the two eyes converges upon single cells. T... ...
Tập 198 Số 1130 - Trang 1-59 - 1977
A model of neuronal bursting using three coupled first order differential equationsWe describe a modification to our recent model of the action potential which introduces two additional equilibrium points. By using stability analysis we show that one of these equilibrium points is a saddle point from which there are two separatrices which divide the phase plane into two regions. In one region all phase paths approach a limit cycle and in the other all phase paths approac... ...
Tập 221 Số 1222 - Trang 87-102 - 1984
The route of re-circulation of lymphocytes in the ratThe experiments presented in this paper support the idea that the output of small lymphocytes from the thoracic duct of the rat (about 109 /day) is normally maintained by a large-scale re-circulation of cells from the blood to the lymph. It has been shown that the main channel from blood to lymph lies with in the lymph nodes and that small lymphocytes enter the nodes by... ...
Tập 159 Số 975 - Trang 257-282 - 1964
Review Lecture: Mammalian mating systemsMale mammals show a diverse array of mating bonds, including obligate monogamy, unimale and group polygyny and promiscuity. These are associated with a wide variety of different forms of mate guarding, including the defence of feeding and mating territories, the defence of female groups and the defence of individual receptive females. Female mating bonds include long-term monogamy, serial ... ...
Tập 236 Số 1285 - Trang 339-372 - 1989
Atheroma and arterial wall shear - Observation, correlation and proposal of a shear dependent mass transfer mechanism for atherogenesis
On the basis of various observations, we argue that there is spatial variation of the time averaged wall shear rate in arteries, both overall and locally. From our own observations, and those of others, we show that the distribution of
early
atheroma in man is coincident with those regions in which arterial wall shear rate is ... ...
Tập 177 Số 1046 - Trang 109-133 - 1971
The mechanical design of nacre
Mother-of-pearl (nacre) is a platelet-reinforced composite, highly filled with calcium carbonate (aragonite). The Young modulus, determined from beams of a span-to-depth ratio of no less than 15 (a necessary precaution), is of the order of 70 GPa (dry) and 60 GPa (wet), much higher than previously recorded values. These values can be derived from ‘shear-lag’ models developed f... ...
Tập 234 Số 1277 - Trang 415-440 - 1988
Predictive coding: a fresh view of inhibition in the retinaInterneurons exhibiting centre-surround antagonism within their receptive fields are commonly found in peripheral visual pathways. We propose that this organization enables the visual system to encode spatial detail in a manner that minimizes the deleterious effects of intrinsic noise, by exploiting the spatial correlation that exists within natural scenes. The antagonistic surround takes... ...
Tập 216 Số 1205 - Trang 427-459 - 1982