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Các bài báo tiêu biểu
The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme
Tập 205 Số 1161 - Trang 581-598 - 1979
An adaptationist programme has dominated evolutionary thought in England and the
United States during the past 40 years. It is based on faith in the power of
natural selection as an optimizing agent. It proceeds by breaking an organism
into unitary ‘traits’ and proposing an adaptive story for each considered
separately. Trade-offs among competing selective demands exert the only brake
upon perfect...
Theory of edge detection
Tập 207 Số 1167 - Trang 187-217 - 1980
A theory of edge detection is presented. The analysis proceeds in two parts. (1)
Intensity changes, which occur in a natural image over a wide range of scales,
are detected separately at different scales. An appropriate filter for this
purpose at a given scale is found to be the second derivative of a Gaussian, and
it is shown that, provided some simple conditions are satisfied, these primary
filt...
Virus interference. I. The interferon
Tập 147 Số 927 - Trang 258-267 - 1957
During a study of the interference produced by heat-inactivated influenza virus
with the growth of live virus in fragments of chick chorio-allantoic membrane it
was found that following incubation of heated virus with membrane a new factor
was released. This factor, recognized by its ability to induce interference in
fresh pieces of chorio-allantoic membrane, was called interferon. Following a
lag...
Ferrier lecture - Functional architecture of macaque monkey visual cortex
Tập 198 Số 1130 - Trang 1-59 - 1977
Of the many possible functions of the macaque monkey primary visual cortex
(striate cortex, area 17) two are now fairly well understood. First, the
incoming information from the lateral geniculate bodies is rearranged so that
most cells in the striate cortex respond to specifically oriented line segments,
and, second, information originating from the two eyes converges upon single
cells. The rearr...
A model of neuronal bursting using three coupled first order differential equations
Tập 221 Số 1222 - Trang 87-102 - 1984
We describe a modification to our recent model of the action potential which
introduces two additional equilibrium points. By using stability analysis we
show that one of these equilibrium points is a saddle point from which there are
two separatrices which divide the phase plane into two regions. In one region
all phase paths approach a limit cycle and in the other all phase paths approach
a stab...
The route of re-circulation of lymphocytes in the rat
Tập 159 Số 975 - Trang 257-282 - 1964
The experiments presented in this paper support the idea that the output of
small lymphocytes from the thoracic duct of the rat (about 109/day) is normally
maintained by a large-scale re-circulation of cells from the blood to the lymph.
It has been shown that the main channel from blood to lymph lies with in the
lymph nodes and that small lymphocytes enter the nodes by crossing the walls of
a spec...
Review Lecture: Mammalian mating systems
Tập 236 Số 1285 - Trang 339-372 - 1989
Male mammals show a diverse array of mating bonds, including obligate monogamy,
unimale and group polygyny and promiscuity. These are associated with a wide
variety of different forms of mate guarding, including the defence of feeding
and mating territories, the defence of female groups and the defence of
individual receptive females. Female mating bonds include long-term monogamy,
serial monogamy...
Atheroma and arterial wall shear - Observation, correlation and proposal of a shear dependent mass transfer mechanism for atherogenesis
Tập 177 Số 1046 - Trang 109-133 - 1971
On the basis of various observations, we argue that there is spatial variation
of the time averaged wall shear rate in arteries, both overall and locally. From
our own observations, and those of others, we show that the distribution of
early atheroma in man is coincident with those regions in which arterial wall
shear rate is expected to be relatively low, while the development of lesions is
inhib...
The mechanical design of nacre
Tập 234 Số 1277 - Trang 415-440 - 1988
Mother-of-pearl (nacre) is a platelet-reinforced composite, highly filled with
calcium carbonate (aragonite). The Young modulus, determined from beams of a
span-to-depth ratio of no less than 15 (a necessary precaution), is of the order
of 70 GPa (dry) and 60 GPa (wet), much higher than previously recorded values.
These values can be derived from ‘shear-lag’ models developed for platey
composites,...
Predictive coding: a fresh view of inhibition in the retina
Tập 216 Số 1205 - Trang 427-459 - 1982
Interneurons exhibiting centre-surround antagonism within their receptive
fields are commonly found in peripheral visual pathways. We propose that this
organization enables the visual system to encode spatial detail in a manner that
minimizes the deleterious effects of intrinsic noise, by exploiting the spatial
correlation that exists within natural scenes. The antagonistic surround takes a
weigh...