Statistics in Medicine
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Bayesian methods for health‐related decision making
Statistics in Medicine - Tập 24 Số 4 - Trang 563-567 - 2005
AbstractThis article reviews the basics of Bayesian decision theory, and
comments on its use in medical decision making. It emphasizes the subjectivity
of the probability and utility inputs, and the desirability, in certain
contexts, of representing several decision makers, each with his or her own
probabilities and utilities. Applications and ethical considerations are also
discussed. A brief bib...
Balance diagnostics for comparing the distribution of baseline covariates between treatment groups in propensity‐score matched samples
Statistics in Medicine - Tập 28 Số 25 - Trang 3083-3107 - 2009
AbstractThe propensity score is a subject's probability of treatment,
conditional on observed baseline covariates. Conditional on the true propensity
score, treated and untreated subjects have similar distributions of observed
baseline covariates. Propensity‐score matching is a popular method of using the
propensity score in the medical literature. Using this approach, matched sets of
treated and ...
Scaling regression inputs by dividing by two standard deviations
Statistics in Medicine - Tập 27 Số 15 - Trang 2865-2873 - 2008
AbstractInterpretation of regression coefficients is sensitive to the scale of
the inputs. One method often used to place input variables on a common scale is
to divide each numeric variable by its standard deviation. Here we propose
dividing each numeric variable by two times its standard deviation, so that the
generic comparison is with inputs equal to the mean ±1 standard deviation. The
resulti...
Test statistics and sample size formulae for comparative binomial trials with null hypothesis of non‐zero risk difference or non‐unity relative risk
Statistics in Medicine - Tập 9 Số 12 - Trang 1447-1454 - 1990
AbstractWhen it is required to establish a materially significant difference
between two treatments, or, alternatively, to show that two treatments are
equivalent, standard test statistics and sample size formulae based on a null
hypothesis of no difference no longer apply. This paper reviews some of the test
statistics and sample size formulae proposed for comparative binomial trials
when the nul...
How study design affects outcomes in comparisons of therapy. I: Medical
Statistics in Medicine - Tập 8 Số 4 - Trang 441-454 - 1989
AbstractWe analysed 113 reports published in 1980 in a sample of medical
journals to relate features of study design to the magnitude of gains attributed
to new therapies over old. Overall we rated 87 per cent of new therapies as
improvements over standard therapies. The mean gain (measured by the
Mann—Whitney statistic) was relatively constant across study designs, except for
non‐randomized contr...
Number needed to treat (NNT): estimation of a measure of clinical benefit
Statistics in Medicine - Tập 20 Số 24 - Trang 3947-3962 - 2001
AbstractThe number needed to treat (NNT) is becoming increasingly popular as an
index for reporting the results of randomized trials and other clinical studies.
It represents the expected number of patients who must be treated with an
experimental therapy in order to prevent one additional adverse outcome event
(or, depending on the context, to expect one additional beneficial outcome),
compared t...
Spatial disease clusters: Detection and inference
Statistics in Medicine - Tập 14 Số 8 - Trang 799-810 - 1995
AbstractWe present a new method of detection and inference for spatial clusters
of a disease. To avoid ad hoc procedures to test for clustering, we have a
clearly defined alternative hypothesis and our test statistic is based on the
likelihood ratio. The proposed test can detect clusters of any size, located
anywhere in the study region. It is not restricted to clusters that conform to
predefined ...
Assessing the significance of chromosome‐loss data: Where are suppressor genes for bladder cancer?
Statistics in Medicine - Tập 13 Số 8 - Trang 839-858 - 1994
AbstractCytogenetic analysis reveals alterations of chromosome structure
(losses, gains, and rearrangements of genetic material) in bladder cancer cells
generated using an in oitrolin oioo transformation system. To predict possible
locations of bladder cancer suppressor genes, we performed a robust Bayesian
analysis of the chromosome‐loss data. We postulated a simple stochastic model to
describe c...
Evaluating the added predictive ability of a new marker: From area under the ROC curve to reclassification and beyond
Statistics in Medicine - Tập 27 Số 2 - Trang 157-172 - 2008
AbstractIdentification of key factors associated with the risk of developing
cardiovascular disease and quantification of this risk using multivariable
prediction algorithms are among the major advances made in preventive cardiology
and cardiovascular epidemiology in the 20th century. The ongoing discovery of
new risk markers by scientists presents opportunities and challenges for
statisticians an...
Empirical bayes estimation of cancer mortality rates
Statistics in Medicine - Tập 4 Số 2 - Trang 201-212 - 1985
AbstractMortality rates for specific cancer types and age‐sex groups computed
for large numbers of cities typically show extreme fluctuation. This is
primarily due to the rare occurrence of specific cancer deaths in most of the
small and moderate size cities during a fixed time period. Assuming a Poisson
death process, we use an empirical Bayes method to obtain adjusted rates that
are more stable ...
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