Statistics in Medicine

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Bayesian methods for health‐related decision making
Statistics in Medicine - Tập 24 Số 4 - Trang 563-567 - 2005
Joseph B. Kadane
AbstractThis article reviews the basics of Bayesian decision theory, and comments on its use in medical decision making. It emphasizes the subjectivity of the probability and utility inputs, and the desirability, in certain contexts, of representing several decision makers, each with his or her own probabilities and utilities. Applications and ethical consideration...... hiện toàn bộ
Balance diagnostics for comparing the distribution of baseline covariates between treatment groups in propensity‐score matched samples
Statistics in Medicine - Tập 28 Số 25 - Trang 3083-3107 - 2009
Peter C. Austin
AbstractThe propensity score is a subject's probability of treatment, conditional on observed baseline covariates. Conditional on the true propensity score, treated and untreated subjects have similar distributions of observed baseline covariates. Propensity‐score matching is a popular method of using the propensity score in the medical literature. Using this appro...... hiện toàn bộ
Scaling regression inputs by dividing by two standard deviations
Statistics in Medicine - Tập 27 Số 15 - Trang 2865-2873 - 2008
Andrew Gelman
AbstractInterpretation of regression coefficients is sensitive to the scale of the inputs. One method often used to place input variables on a common scale is to divide each numeric variable by its standard deviation. Here we propose dividing each numeric variable by two times its standard deviation, so that the generic comparison is with...... hiện toàn bộ
Test statistics and sample size formulae for comparative binomial trials with null hypothesis of non‐zero risk difference or non‐unity relative risk
Statistics in Medicine - Tập 9 Số 12 - Trang 1447-1454 - 1990
Paddy Farrington, George W. Manning
AbstractWhen it is required to establish a materially significant difference between two treatments, or, alternatively, to show that two treatments are equivalent, standard test statistics and sample size formulae based on a null hypothesis of no difference no longer apply. This paper reviews some of the test statistics and sample size formulae proposed for compara...... hiện toàn bộ
How study design affects outcomes in comparisons of therapy. I: Medical
Statistics in Medicine - Tập 8 Số 4 - Trang 441-454 - 1989
Graham A. Colditz, James N. Miller, Frederick Mosteller
AbstractWe analysed 113 reports published in 1980 in a sample of medical journals to relate features of study design to the magnitude of gains attributed to new therapies over old. Overall we rated 87 per cent of new therapies as improvements over standard therapies. The mean gain (measured by the Mann—Whitney statistic) was relatively constant across study designs...... hiện toàn bộ
Number needed to treat (NNT): estimation of a measure of clinical benefit
Statistics in Medicine - Tập 20 Số 24 - Trang 3947-3962 - 2001
Stephen D. Walter
AbstractThe number needed to treat (NNT) is becoming increasingly popular as an index for reporting the results of randomized trials and other clinical studies. It represents the expected number of patients who must be treated with an experimental therapy in order to prevent one additional adverse outcome event (or, depending on the context, to expect one additiona...... hiện toàn bộ
Spatial disease clusters: Detection and inference
Statistics in Medicine - Tập 14 Số 8 - Trang 799-810 - 1995
Martin Kulldorff, Neville Nagarwalla
AbstractWe present a new method of detection and inference for spatial clusters of a disease. To avoid ad hoc procedures to test for clustering, we have a clearly defined alternative hypothesis and our test statistic is based on the likelihood ratio. The proposed test can detect clusters of any size, located anywhere in the study region. ...... hiện toàn bộ
Assessing the significance of chromosome‐loss data: Where are suppressor genes for bladder cancer?
Statistics in Medicine - Tập 13 Số 8 - Trang 839-858 - 1994
Michael A. Newton, Shiqi Wu, Catherine A. Reznikoff
AbstractCytogenetic analysis reveals alterations of chromosome structure (losses, gains, and rearrangements of genetic material) in bladder cancer cells generated using an in oitrolin oioo transformation system. To predict possible locations of bladder cancer suppressor genes, we performed a robust Bayesian analysis of the chromosome‐loss data. We postulated a simp...... hiện toàn bộ
Evaluating the added predictive ability of a new marker: From area under the ROC curve to reclassification and beyond
Statistics in Medicine - Tập 27 Số 2 - Trang 157-172 - 2008
Michael Preuß, Ralph B. D' Agostino, Ramachandran S. Vasan
AbstractIdentification of key factors associated with the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and quantification of this risk using multivariable prediction algorithms are among the major advances made in preventive cardiology and cardiovascular epidemiology in the 20th century. The ongoing discovery of new risk markers by scientists presents opportunities an...... hiện toàn bộ
Empirical bayes estimation of cancer mortality rates
Statistics in Medicine - Tập 4 Số 2 - Trang 201-212 - 1985
Robert K. Tsutakawa, Gary L. Shoop, Carl J. Marienfeld
AbstractMortality rates for specific cancer types and age‐sex groups computed for large numbers of cities typically show extreme fluctuation. This is primarily due to the rare occurrence of specific cancer deaths in most of the small and moderate size cities during a fixed time period. Assuming a Poisson death process, we use an empirical Bayes method to obtain adj...... hiện toàn bộ
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