A survey for potentially zoonotic gastrointestinal parasites in domestic cavies in Cameroon (Central Africa)Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 13 - Trang 1-5 - 2017
Felix Meutchieye, Marc K. Kouam, Emile Miegoué, Terence T. Nguafack, Joseph Tchoumboué, Alexis Téguia, Georgios Théodoropoulos
Farm animals are usually suspected to transmit infections to humans. Domestic cavies (Cavia porcellus) are hosts to a variety of pathogens, some of which are zoonotic. Several parasites including the protozoa Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. may be causative agents of gastrointestinal disorders in domestic cavies and humans. The aim of the study was to investigate the occurrence of potentially zoonotic protozoa as well as any potential zoonotic gastrointestinal parasite in domestic cavies raised under a semi extensive system in the rural areas of Cameroon.
Giardia/Cryptosporidium antigens were detected in 12.90% of cavies. Helminthe eggs were found in 1.52% of animals. The prevalence of Paraspidodera uncinata, Heligmosomoides polygyrus (also known as Nematospiroides dubius) and Trichuris sp. was 1% (4/397), 0.3% (1/397), and 0.3% (1/397), respectively. Presence of Giardia/Cryptosporidium was unrelated to the occurrence of diarrhea, as none of the positive samples was from a diarrheic individual. Domestic cavies are hosts of Giardia/Cryptosporidium and appear as potential source of human giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis and infection with H. polygyrus in Cameroon. In keeping with the One Health Initiative, veterinarians and medical doctors should collaborate to address the problem of Giardia and Cryptosporidium infection in cavies and cavy breeders both in Cameroon and other countries with a similar cavy breeding system. Follow-up studies are required to further taxonomically characterize these cavy parasites and to determine their routes of transmission to humans.
Immune response in dairy cattle against combined foot and mouth disease and haemorrhagic septicemia vaccine under field conditionsSpringer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 17 - Trang 1-12 - 2021
Anucha Muenthaisong, Amarin Rittipornlertrak, Boondarika Nambooppha, Pallop Tankaew, Thanya Varinrak, Marutpong Pumpuang, Korkiat Muangthai, Kheemchompu Atthikanyaphak, Tawatchai Singhla, Kidsadagon Pringproa, Veerasak Punyapornwithaya, Takuo Sawada, Nattawooti Sthitmatee
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and Haemorrhagic septicemia (HS) are two important diseases that are known to have caused significant economic losses to the cattle industry. Accordingly, vaccinations have been recognized as an efficient method to control and prevent both of the above-mentioned diseases. This study aimed to determine the immune response to FMD virus antigens and the recombinant outer membrane protein of HS (rOmpH) of Pasteurella multocida in cattle administered as a combination vaccine and compare antibody titers with the two vaccines given independently, under field conditions. Dairy cattle were divided into three groups. Each group was immunized with different vaccine types according to the vaccination program employed in this study. Antibody responses were determined by indirect ELISA, liquid phase blocking ELISA (LPB-ELISA) and viral neutralization test (VNT). Furthermore, the cellular immune responses were measured by lymphocyte proliferation assay (LPA). The overall antibody titers to HS and FMDV were above cut-off values for the combined FMD-HS vaccine in this study.The mean antibody titer against HS after the first immunization in the combined FMD-HS vaccine groups was higher than in the HS vaccine groups. However, no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed between groups. Likewise, the antibody titer to the FMDV serotypes O/TAI/189/87 and Asia 1/TAI/85 determined by LPB-ELISA in the combined vaccine were not statistically significantly different when compared to the FMD vaccine groups. However, the mean VNT antibody titer of combined vaccine against serotype O was significantly higher than the VN titer of FMD vaccine groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, the LPA results showed that all vaccinated groups displayed significantly higher than the negative control (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, no differences in the lymphocyte responses were observed in comparisons between the groups (p > 0.05). The combined FMD-HS vaccine formulated in this study could result in high both antibody and cellular immune responses without antigenic competition. Therefore, the combined FMD-HS vaccine can serve as an alternative vaccine against both HS and FMD in dairy cattle under field conditions.
Immune responses induced by a combined vaccination with a recombinant chimera of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae antigens and capsid virus-like particles of porcine circovirus type 2Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 16 Số 1 - 2020
Tao Yu, Rui Yang, Jianhong Shu, Wenqian Zheng, Jian Chen, Yuehong Wu, Yulong He
Abstract
Background
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) are two important pathogens causing Mycoplasma pneumonia of swine (MPS) and porcine circovirus diseases and porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVDs/PCVADs), respectively, and resulted in considerable economic loss to the swine industry worldwide. Currently, vaccination is one of the main measures to control these two diseases; however, there are few combination vaccines that can prevent these two diseases. To determine the effect of combination immunization, we developed capsid-derived (Cap) virus-like particles (VLPs) of PCV2 and a new recombinant chimera composed of the P97R1, P46, and P42 antigens of Mhp. Then we investigated the immune responses induced by the immunization with this combination vaccine in mice and piglets.
Results
The high level antibodies against three protein antigens (P97R1, P46, and P42 of Mhp) were produced after immunization, up to or higher than 1:400,000; the antibody levels in Pro group continuously increased throughout the 42 days for all the antigens tested. The lymphocyte proliferative response in PCV2 group was stronger than that in PBS, VP, Mhp CV in mice. The antibody levels for Cap remained stable and reached the peak at 35 DAI. The IFN-γ and IL-4 in sera were significantly enhanced in the Pro group than that in the negative control-VP group on Day 14 and 28 post-the first immunization in piglets.
Conclusions
Above all, the combination immunization could induce humoral and cellular immune responses against all four antigens in mice and piglets. Therefore, our approach is a simple and effective vaccination strategy to protect pigs against MPS and PCVD/PCVAD.
Diffusion-weighted imaging of the brains of dogs with idiopathic epilepsySpringer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 13 - Trang 1-8 - 2017
Antje Hartmann, Steffen Sager, Klaus Failing, Marion Sparenberg, Martin J. Schmidt
Idiopathic epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders in dogs. Unfortunately, up to 30% of dogs with idiopathic epilepsy show no improvement under antiepileptic drug treatment. Diffusion-weighted imaging is used in human medicine to identify epileptogenic foci in the brain to allow for more invasive treatments such as deep brain stimulation or surgical removal. The aim of this study was to ass the feasibility of interictal diffusion-weighted MRI in dogs and to evaluate the distribution of diffusion in the brains of dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (IE) and to compare these values to previously published values from healthy beagle dogs. Client-owned dogs with the final diagnosis of IE were included in this study. MRI examination was carried out using a 1.0Tesla superconductive magnet. Diffusion-weighted images using a single shot echo planar imaging sequence (SSh-EPI) with a b value of b = 0 s/mm2 and b = 800 s/mm2 were acquired in a dorsal and transverse plane with diffusion gradients in all three planes (x-, y- and z-plane). An ADC (apparent diffusion coefficient) map of the isometric image of each acquired slice was generated. Regions of interest (ROIs) were manually drawn around the caudate nucleus, the thalamus, the piriform lobe including the amygdala, the hippocampus, the semioval center and the temporal cerebral cortex by one of the authors. ROI drawings were repeated 5 times at different time points to assess intra-obersver variability. A multi-way mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-way ANOVA were used during statistical analysis. A p value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. Dogs with IE showed a significantly increased ADC in the amygdala within the piriform lobe and in the semioval center (p < 0.05) compared with the healthy control group. Changes in the piriform lobe in cases of epilepsy are reported infrequently in human and veterinary medicine. Similar to our results, ADC changes in the interictal phase usually include an increase in ADC due to cell loss and increased intercellular spaces. Diffusion MRI might be a promising technique for the examination of canine epileptic patients lacking other gross neuromorphological abnormalities.
Factors associated with the occurrence of MRSA CC398 in herds of fattening pigs in GermanySpringer Science and Business Media LLC - - 2011
K. Alt, A. Fetsch, Andreas Schroeter, Beatriz Guerra, Jens A. Hammerl, Stefan Hertwig, Natalja Senkov, Anna Geinets, Christine Mueller‐Graf, Juliane Braeunig, Annemarie Kaesbohrer, Bernd Appel, Andreas Hensel, Bernd–Alois Tenhagen
Abstract
Background
The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of MRSA in herds of fattening pigs in different regions of Germany, and to determine factors associated with the occurrence of this pathogen. For this purpose pooled dust samples were collected, and a questionnaire covered information regarding herd characteristics and management practices. Samples were pre-enriched in high-salt medium followed by selective enrichment containing cefoxitin/aztreonam, and culturing. Presumptive colonies were confirmed by multiplex-PCR targeting nuc-, mecA- and 16S rRNA-genes. Isolates were spa- and SCCmec-, and in selected cases, multilocus sequence-typed. Susceptibilities to 13 antimicrobials were determined by broth microdilution. Statistical analysis was carried out using backward stepwise logistic regression to calculate odds ratios with the MRSA test result as the outcome and herd characteristics as categorical covariates.
Results
Overall, 152 of 290 (52%) fattening pig farms tested positive for MRSA. The prevalence in the east, north- and south-west of Germany ranged from 39 to 59%.
t011 (66%) and t034 (23%) were the most commonly identified spa-types, and 85% of isolates carried SCCmec Type V. Identified spa-types were all associated with clonal complex CC398. Susceptibility testing revealed that all isolates were resistant to tetracycline. High resistance rates were also found for sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (40%), and quinupristin/dalfopristin (32%). In addition, 83% of strains displayed multidrug resistant (> 3 substance classes) phenotypes.
Logistic regression revealed herd size (large farms OR: 5.4; CI: 2.7-11.2; p < 0.05), and production type (wean-to-finish OR: 4.0; CI: 1.6-10.4; p < 0.05) as risk factors associated with a positive MRSA finding in fattening pig operations.
Conclusions
MRSA CC398 is widely distributed among herds of fattening pigs in Germany. Farm management plays a crucial role in the dissemination of MRSA with herd size, and production type representing potential major indicators.
Sulfur, fresh cassava root and urea independently enhanced gas production, ruminal characteristics and in vitro degradabilitySpringer Science and Business Media LLC - - 2021
Phussorn Sumadong, Anusorn Cherdthong, Sarong So, Metha Wanapat
Abstract
Background
Total fresh cassava root (FCR) production was 275 million tonnes in 2018 which equals 61.1 % of the total production, and Thailand produced 10.7 % FCR of the total production. FCR is one of the main energy source for ruminant. The limitation of FCR utilization is due to the presence of hydrogen cyanide (HCN). The study aimed to evaluate the effect of sulfur, urea and FCR at various levels on in vitro gas production, ruminal fermentation and in vitro degradability. The study hypothesized that: (1) sulfur, urea and FCR have no interaction effect and (2) effect of FCR and urea is related to sulfur addition.
Results
The study aimed to elucidate the optimum level of elemental sulfur, fresh cassava root (FCR) and urea and their effect on in vitro gas production, ruminal fermentation, thiocyanate concentration, and in vitro degradability. A 3 × 2 × 4 in a completely randomized design were conducted. Factor A was level of sulfur at 0 %, 1 and 2 % of concentrate dry matter (DM), factor B was level of urea at 2 and 4 % of concentrate DM, and factor C was level of the FCR at 0, 200, 300 and 400 mg DM of the total substrate. The study found that elemental sulfur, urea and FCR had no interaction effect on the kinetics of in vitro gas, ruminal fermentation, HCN and in vitro degradability. Elemental sulfur supplementation (P < 0.05) significantly increased the in vitro gas produced from an insoluble fraction (b), in vitro DM degradability and either neutral detergent fiber (NDF) or acid detergent fiber (ADF) degradability and propionate (C3) concentration while decreased the ruminal HCN concentration. Urea levels showed a (P < 0.05) significant increase of the potential extent of in vitro gas production, ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA). Fresh cassava root supplementation (P < 0.05) significantly increased the in vitro gas produced from an immediate soluble fraction (a), in vitro gas produced from insoluble fraction, in vitro gas production rate constant, total VFA, C3 concentration and HCN while decreased ruminal pH, acetate and butyrate concentration. It could be concluded that 2 % elemental sulfur, 4 % urea and 300 mg FCR showed a greater effect on in vitro gas production, ruminal fermentation and HCN reduction.
Conclusions
The study found that elemental sulfur, urea, and FCR had no interaction effect on the kinetics of in vitro gas, total in vitro gas, ruminal fermentation, and HCN concentration. It could be concluded that 2 % elemental sulfur, 4 % urea, and 300 mg FCR showed a greater effect on in vitro gas production, ruminal fermentation, and HCN reduction.
6-Thioguanine and zebularine down-regulate DNMT1 and globally demethylate canine malignant lymphoid cellsSpringer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 10 - Trang 1-7 - 2014
Brian K Flesner, Senthil R Kumar, Jeffrey N Bryan
The antimetabolite 6-thioguanine (6-TG) has been used to treat both human and canine lymphoid malignancies. 6-TG has been shown to be epigenetically active as a demethylating agent in a human lymphoma cell line, causing downregulation of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) through ubiquitin-targeted degradation. Zebularine (Zeb), a similar cytidine analog, also has demethylating activity as well as oral bioavailability. The hypothesis of the present study was that 6-TG and Zeb would cause downregulation of DNMT1 and globally demethylate the genomic DNA of canine lymphoma cells. The secondary hypothesis was that these agents would cause a dose-dependent decrease in cell proliferation in canine lymphoma cells. Canine CLGL-90 malignant T cells and CLL 17–7 cells were incubated in modified RPMI media. They were treated with 6-TG, Zeb, or control media at biologically relevant concentrations. Following treatment with each agent, DNMT1 protein and global DNA methylation were significantly decreased. A dose-dependent decrease in cell survival was also observed, with apoptosis being the primary mode of cell death in the CLGL-90 cell line. These results confirm the demethylating action of 6-TG and Zeb in canine cells which is similar to that shown in human cell lines. Confirmation of this mechanism supports the clinical application of these compounds as demethylating drugs in veterinary patients.
Đánh giá nhiễm coronavirus ở bò dựa trên phân tử chéo giữa các loài ở bò, cừu và dê tại Ghana Dịch bởi AI Springer Science and Business Media LLC - - 2020
Vitus Burimuah, Augustina Sylverken, Michael Owusu, Philip El-Duah, Richmond Yeboah, Jones Lamptey, Yaw Oppong Frimpong, Olivia Agbenyega, Raphael Folitse, Ben Emikpe, William Tasiame, Eddie-Williams Owiredu, Samuel Oppong, Christopher Antwi, Yaw Adu-Sarkodie, Christian Drosten
Ngoài những tổn thất kinh tế lớn trên toàn thế giới thường xảy ra do coronavirus ở bò (BCoV) đối với ngành chăn nuôi, đặc biệt là đối với việc nuôi bò, việc giám sát liên tục virus này ở bò và các động vật nhai lại nhỏ là rất cần thiết để theo dõi các biến thể của virus có thể nâng cao khả năng chuyển nhượng ký chủ. Trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi đã thu thập mẫu swab trực tràng từ tổng cộng 1.498 con bò, cừu và dê. Việc phát hiện BCoV dựa trên phương pháp phản ứng chuỗi polymerase phiên mã ngược. Phân tích chuỗi Sanger của vùng polymerase RNA phụ thuộc RNA (RdRp) cho các mẫu dương tính đã được thực hiện và các chuỗi nucleotide đã được so sánh với các chuỗi đồng nhất từ GenBank. Nghiên cứu cho thấy tỷ lệ lưu hành BCoV là 0,3%, bao gồm 4 trường hợp dương tính; 3 con dê và 1 con bò. Ít hơn 10% trong tổng số động vật được lấy mẫu có biểu hiện các dấu hiệu lâm sàng như tiêu chảy và khó thở, ngoại trừ sốt cao xảy ra ở hơn 1.000 con. Tuy nhiên, không có con nào trong số 4 động vật dương tính với BCoV thể hiện bất kỳ dấu hiệu lâm sàng nào của sự nhiễm bệnh tại thời điểm thu thập mẫu. Biểu đồ phân nhánh theo nguyên tắc đa số của Bayesian so sánh các gen BCoV RdRp một phần và toàn bộ thu được trong nghiên cứu với dữ liệu từ GenBank cho thấy các chuỗi thu được từ nghiên cứu này hình thành một nhóm đơn nguyên lớn với các chuỗi từ các loài và quốc gia khác nhau. Các chuỗi dê tương tự nhau và tập hợp trong cùng một nhánh. Do đó, không có biến thể lớn nào được quan sát giữa các chủng isolate của chúng tôi và những chủng từ nơi khác. Với việc Ghana chủ yếu thực hành hệ thống chăn nuôi quy mô lớn và bán thâm canh, nghiên cứu của chúng tôi làm nổi bật tiềm năng lây lan BCoV sang các động vật nhai lại nhỏ ở các khu vực chăn nuôi hỗn hợp và có sự tách biệt hạn chế giữa các loài.
#coronavirus ở bò #chăn nuôi #BCoV #bò #cừu #dê #Ghana
The nutritional status affects the complete blood count of goats experimentally infected with Haemonchus contortusSpringer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 13 - Trang 1-10 - 2017
S. Cériac, C. Jayles, R. Arquet, D. Feuillet, Y. Félicité, H. Archimède, J.-C. Bambou
Gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) remains the most important pathogenic constraint of small ruminant production worldwide. The improvement of the host immune response against GIN though breeding for improved animal resistance, vaccination and nutritional supplementation appear as very promising methods. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of four nutritional status differing in protein and energy levels (Hay: 5.1 MJ/Kg of dry matter (DM) and 7.6% of crude protein (CP), Ban: 8.3 MJ/Kg of DM and 7.5% of CP, Soy: 7.6 MJ/Kg of DM and 17.3% of CP, BS: 12.7 MJ/Kg of DM and 7.4% of CP) on the haematological disturbances due to Haemonchus contortus infection in Creole kid goats. No significant effect of the nutritional status was observed for faecal egg count (FEC) but the experimental infection induced haematological disturbances whose intensity and lengthening were dependent on the nutritional status. A transient marked regenerative macrocytic hypochromic anaemia as revealed by a decrease of packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cells (RBC) and hemoglobin and an increase of reticulocytes was observed in all infected groups except Hay. In this latter, the anaemia settled until the end of the experiment. Furthermore, H. contortus induced a thrombocytopenia significantly more pronounced in the group under the lowest nutritional status in term of protein (Hay and Ban). A principal component analysis revealed that the variables that discriminated the nutritional status were the average daily gain (ADG) and the PCV, considered as measures of the level of resilience to H. contortus infection. Moreover, the variables that discriminated infected and non-infected animals were mostly related to the biology of RBC (i.e. size and hemoglobin content) and they were correlated with FEC. The severity and the lengthening of the regenerative anaemia and the thrombocytopenia induced by H. contortus have been affected by the nutritional status. The protein enriched diets induced resilience to the infection rather than resistance. This suggests that resilience is associated with an improved regenerative capacity of the bone marrow. However, this needs to be further investigated to understand the relationships between resistance, resilience and dietary supplementation.
