Pleiades Publishing Ltd

It is demonstrated that the infrared renormalon calculus indicates that the QCD theoretical expressions for the Gross-Llewellyn Smith sum rule and for the Bjorken polarized and unpolarized ones contain an identical negative twist-4 1/Q 2 correction. This observation is supported by the consideration of the results of calculations of the corresponding twist-4 matrix elements. Together with the indication of the similarity of the perturbative QCD contributions to these three sum rules, this observation leads to simple new theoretical relations between the Gross-Llewellyn Smith and Bjorken polarized and unpolarized sum rules in the energy region Q 2 ≥ 1 GeV2. The validity of this relation is checked using concrete experimental data for the Gross-Llewellyn Smith and Bjorken polarized sum rules.

Extensive air showers with energy above 4×1019 eV that were detected at the Yakutsk array from 1974 to 2001 are analyzed. The directions of their arrival are found to correlate with pulsars located in the direction of the Orion Arm of the Galaxy. The origin of cosmic rays is discussed.

The results of an experiment demonstrating the appearance of a soliton under certain conditions of pulsed breakdown of a glassy semiconductor film in a magnetic field are reported. The wave is excited by a current filament moving at a velocity close to the speed of sound between two parallel electrodes in an external magnetic field. To distinguish the direction of motion of the acoustic wave and that of the current filament along the substrate, electrodes with a bend that changes the direction of motion of the filament are deposited. Two “frozen” structural-excitation fronts, diverging at an angle to one another and attesting to the decay of the soliton at the moment the current filament vanishes, are observed at the location of the bend in the electrodes.

The results of an experimental study of the Coster-Kronig process in copper nanoclusters obtained by a pulsed laser deposition technique are presented. It is established that the Köster-Krönig process probability depends on the cluster size and is determined by the possibility of a transition of the metal cluster into a state in which copper exhibits no metallic properties.

The fundamental experimental data obtained in [I.O. Bashkin et al., JETP Lett. 79, 226 (2004)] on three states of hydrogen corresponding to physical sorption (state 1), chemisorption (state 2), and intercalation (state 3) in graphite nanofibers subjected to hydrogenation in H2 at a pressure of 9 GPa and a temperature of 753 K (with subsequent quenching), which led to a hydrogen content of up to 6.3 wt %, have been analyzed in detail using an effective method for processing thermal desorption spectra of hydrogen. In particular, attention is paid to the physics and atomic mechanisms of intercalation of specific molecular hydrogen (state 3) in graphite nanofibers, which is slightly more stable than chemisorbed hydrogen (state 2), and to comparison with the results of analysis and interpretation of the unique data obtained in [C. Park et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 103,10572 (1999)] on the “super” hydrogen storage in the know-how activated graphite nanofibers.

An invariant measure of the closeness of a block cipher to the perfect (ideal) cipher of the one-time pad has been proposed. The measure is the same for any implementation of the one-time pad. A quantum algorithm based on the determination of the eigenvalue (phase) of the quantum state has been proposed to estimate the closeness of the block cipher to ideal in terms of the proposed measure with high probability and accuracy.

The synthesis and properties of a photonic crystal doped with quantum dots are reported. The structure exhibits a two-stage self-organization of silica nanoparticles along with quantum confinement effects in semiconductor colloids. The interplay of electron and photon confinement results in controllable spontaneous emission from the mesoscopic structure.

Conditions for the fabrication of lateral semiconductor spin devices with a high efficiency of spin injection have been revealed. Technological aspects of the formation of magnetic elements of a spin device, its electric contacts, and a thin MgO dielectric layer necessary for the efficient injection of spin-polarized electrons have been considered in detail. The degree of polarization of electrons for InSb about 25% has been obtained for the first time.

Solutions of the equation for the superconducting gap including superexchange, spin–fluctuation, plasmon, and phonon pairing mechanisms are obtained. Solutions of the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer equation are approximated by the expression Δk = Δ0(B cos(2ϕ) + (1 − B)cos(6ϕ) at a carrier concentration close to optimal. It is found that the dependence proportional to cos(6ϕ) is due to the spin–fluctuation and phononmediated interactions.

It has been shown that the overlap of tails of the density of states of the valence and conduction bands leads to the formation of a “negative” gap in the In2O3–SrO ceramic with disordered structure and oxygen clusters in nanovoids. Two types of magnetism are observed. One of them caused by the formation of (dangling bond + O- 2 center) complexes has been found in samples saturated with oxygen. The other is associated with the presence of dangling bonds in oxygen-depleted samples. At T < 90.18 K, when oxygen molecules fall from the walls of nanovoids, small liquid oxygen droplets are formed with the release of a large number of free dangling bonds resulting in the variation of magnetization and electrical conductivity of samples. The effects caused by magnetic phase transitions in clusters of crystal oxygen are manifested at T < 54.8 K. The variations of the resistance of samples in the interval T = 5–300 K correspond to Mott’s law under the dependence of the local activation energy for electron hopping on the state of oxygen clusters.