Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences - Tập 364 Số 1526 - Trang 1985-1998 - 2009
David K. A. Barnes, François Galgani, Richard C. Thompson, Morton A. Barlaz
One of the most ubiquitous and long-lasting recent changes to the surface of our planet is the accumulation and fragmentation of plastics. Within just a few decades since mass production of plastic products commenced in the 1950s, plastic debris has accumulated in terrestrial environments, in the open ocean, on shorelines of even the most remote islands and in the deep sea. Annual clean-up...... hiện toàn bộ
Socially intelligent robots: dimensions of human–robot interaction
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences - Tập 362 Số 1480 - Trang 679-704 - 2007
Kerstin Dautenhahn
Social intelligence in robots has a quite recent history in artificial intelligence and robotics. However, it has become increasingly apparent that social and interactive skills are necessary requirements in many application areas and contexts where robots need to interact and collaborate with other robots or humans. Research on human–robot interaction (HRI) poses many challenges regarding...... hiện toàn bộ
Temperament and brain networks of attention
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences - Tập 373 Số 1744 - Trang 20170254 - 2018
Michael I. Posner, Mary K. Rothbart
The attention networks of the human brain are important control systems that develop from infancy into adulthood. While they are common to everyone, they differ in efficiency, forming the basis of individual differences in attention. We have developed methods for measuring the efficiency of these networks in older children and adults and have also examined their development from infancy. D...... hiện toàn bộ
Towards an executive without a homunculus: computational models of the prefrontal cortex/basal ganglia system
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences - Tập 362 Số 1485 - Trang 1601-1613 - 2007
Thomas E. Hazy, Michael J. Frank, Randall C. O’Reilly
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has long been thought to serve as an ‘executive’ that controls the selection of actions and cognitive functions more generally. However, the mechanistic basis of this executive function has not been clearly specified often amounting to a homunculus. This paper reviews recent attempts to deconstruct this homunculus by elucidating the precise computational and neu...... hiện toàn bộ
Colonization and diversification of Galápagos terrestrial fauna: a phylogenetic and biogeographical synthesis
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences - Tập 363 Số 1508 - Trang 3347-3361 - 2008
Christine Parent, Adalgisa Caccone, Kenneth Petren
Remote oceanic islands have long been recognized as natural models for the study of evolutionary processes involved in diversification. Their remoteness provides opportunities for isolation and divergence of populations, which make islands remarkable settings for the study of diversification. Groups of islands may share a relatively similar geological history and comparable climate, but th...... hiện toàn bộ
Failures of metacognition and lack of insight in neuropsychiatric disorders
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences - Tập 367 Số 1594 - Trang 1379-1390 - 2012
Anthony S. David, Nicholas Bedford, Ben Wiffen, James Gilleen
Lack of insight or unawareness of illness are the hallmarks of many psychiatric disorders, especially schizophrenia (SCZ) and other psychoses and could be conceived of as a failure in metacognition. Research in this area in the mental health field h as burgeoned with the development and widespread use of standard assessment instruments and the mapping out of the clinical and neuropsycholog...... hiện toàn bộ
How can a knowledge of the past help to conserve the future? Biodiversity conservation and the relevance of long-term ecological studies
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences - Tập 362 Số 1478 - Trang 175-187 - 2007
Katherine J. Willis, Miguel B. Araújo, K. D. Bennett, Blanca L. Figueroa-Rangel, Cynthia A. Froyd, Norman Myers
This paper evaluates how long-term records could and should be utilized in conservation policy and practice. Traditionally, there has been an extremely limited use of long-term ecological records (greater than 50 years) in biodiversity conservation. There are a number of reasons why such records tend to be discounted, including a perception of poor scale of resolution in both time and spac...... hiện toàn bộ
The evolution of RNAi as a defence against viruses and transposable elements
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences - Tập 364 Số 1513 - Trang 99-115 - 2009
Darren J. Obbard, Karl Gordon, Amy H. Buck, Francis M. Jiggins
RNA interference (RNAi) is an important defence against viruses and transposable elements (TEs). RNAi not only protects against viruses by degrading viral RNA, but hosts and viruses can also use RNAi to manipulate each other's gene expression, and hosts can encode microRNAs that target viral sequences. In response, viruses have evolved a myriad of adaptations to suppress and evade RNAi. RN...... hiện toàn bộ
Contributions of infant word learning to language development
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences - Tập 364 Số 1536 - Trang 3617-3632 - 2009
Daniel Swingley
Infants learn the forms of words by listening to the speech they hear. Though little is known about the degree to which these forms are meaningful for young infants, the words still play a role in early language development. Words guide the infant to his or her first syntactic intuitions, aid in the development of the lexicon, and, it is proposed, may help infants learn phonetic categories...
How arbitrary is language?
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences - Tập 369 Số 1651 - Trang 20130299 - 2014
Padraic Monaghan, Richard Shillcock, Morten H. Christiansen, Simon Kirby
It is a long established convention that the relationship between sounds and meanings of words is essentially arbitrary—typically the sound of a word gives no hint of its meaning. However, there are numerous reported instances of systematic sound–meaning mappings in language, and this systematicity has been claimed to be important for early language development. In a large-scale corpus ana...... hiện toàn bộ
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