Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences - Tập 364 Số 1526 - Trang 1985-1998 - 2009
David K. A. Barnes, François Galgani, Richard C. Thompson, Morton A. Barlaz
One of the most ubiquitous and long-lasting recent changes to the surface of our planet is the accumulation and fragmentation of plastics. Within just a few decades since mass production of plastic products commenced in the 1950s, plastic debris has accumulated in terrestrial environments, in the open ocean, on shorelines of even the most remote islands and in the deep sea. Annual clean-up...... hiện toàn bộ
Socially intelligent robots: dimensions of human–robot interaction
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences - Tập 362 Số 1480 - Trang 679-704 - 2007
Kerstin Dautenhahn
Social intelligence in robots has a quite recent history in artificial intelligence and robotics. However, it has become increasingly apparent that social and interactive skills are necessary requirements in many application areas and contexts where robots need to interact and collaborate with other robots or humans. Research on human–robot interaction (HRI) poses many challenges regarding...... hiện toàn bộ
Towards an executive without a homunculus: computational models of the prefrontal cortex/basal ganglia system
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences - Tập 362 Số 1485 - Trang 1601-1613 - 2007
Thomas E. Hazy, Michael J. Frank, Randall C. O’Reilly
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has long been thought to serve as an ‘executive’ that controls the selection of actions and cognitive functions more generally. However, the mechanistic basis of this executive function has not been clearly specified often amounting to a homunculus. This paper reviews recent attempts to deconstruct this homunculus by elucidating the precise computational and neu...... hiện toàn bộ
Failures of metacognition and lack of insight in neuropsychiatric disorders
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences - Tập 367 Số 1594 - Trang 1379-1390 - 2012
Anthony S. David, Nicholas Bedford, Ben Wiffen, James Gilleen
Lack of insight or unawareness of illness are the hallmarks of many psychiatric disorders, especially schizophrenia (SCZ) and other psychoses and could be conceived of as a failure in metacognition. Research in this area in the mental health field h as burgeoned with the development and widespread use of standard assessment instruments and the mapping out of the clinical and neuropsycholog...... hiện toàn bộ
How can a knowledge of the past help to conserve the future? Biodiversity conservation and the relevance of long-term ecological studies
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences - Tập 362 Số 1478 - Trang 175-187 - 2007
Katherine J. Willis, Miguel B. Araújo, K. D. Bennett, Blanca L. Figueroa-Rangel, Cynthia A. Froyd, Norman Myers
This paper evaluates how long-term records could and should be utilized in conservation policy and practice. Traditionally, there has been an extremely limited use of long-term ecological records (greater than 50 years) in biodiversity conservation. There are a number of reasons why such records tend to be discounted, including a perception of poor scale of resolution in both time and spac...... hiện toàn bộ
The evolution of RNAi as a defence against viruses and transposable elements
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences - Tập 364 Số 1513 - Trang 99-115 - 2009
Darren J. Obbard, Karl Gordon, Amy H. Buck, Francis M. Jiggins
RNA interference (RNAi) is an important defence against viruses and transposable elements (TEs). RNAi not only protects against viruses by degrading viral RNA, but hosts and viruses can also use RNAi to manipulate each other's gene expression, and hosts can encode microRNAs that target viral sequences. In response, viruses have evolved a myriad of adaptations to suppress and evade RNAi. RN...... hiện toàn bộ
Contributions of infant word learning to language development
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences - Tập 364 Số 1536 - Trang 3617-3632 - 2009
Daniel Swingley
Infants learn the forms of words by listening to the speech they hear. Though little is known about the degree to which these forms are meaningful for young infants, the words still play a role in early language development. Words guide the infant to his or her first syntactic intuitions, aid in the development of the lexicon, and, it is proposed, may help infants learn phonetic categories...
The good, the bad and the ugly of marine reserves for fishery yields
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences - Tập 370 Số 1681 - Trang 20140276 - 2015
Giulio A. De Leo, Fiorenza Micheli
Marine reserves (MRs) are used worldwide as a means of conserving biodiversity and protecting depleted populations. Despite major investments in MRs, their environmental and social benefits have proven difficult to demonstrate and are still debated. Clear expectations of the possible outcomes of MR establishment are needed to guide and strengthen empirical assessments. Previous models show...... hiện toàn bộ
The role of marine reserves in achieving sustainable fisheries
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences - Tập 360 Số 1453 - Trang 123-132 - 2005
Callum M. Roberts, Julie P. Hawkins, Fiona Gell
Many fishery management tools currently in use have conservation value. They are designed to maintain stocks of commercially important species above target levels. However, their limitations are evident from continuing declines in fish stocks throughout the world. We make the case that to reverse fishery declines, safeguard marine life and sustain ecosystem processes, extensive marine rese...... hiện toàn bộ
Lifestyles of plant viruses
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences - Tập 365 Số 1548 - Trang 1899-1905 - 2010
Marilyn J. Roossinck
The vast majority of well-characterized eukaryotic viruses are those that cause acute or chronic infections in humans and domestic plants and animals. However, asymptomatic persistent viruses have been described in animals, and are thought to be sources for emerging acute viruses. Although not previously described in these terms, there are also many viruses of plants that main...... hiện toàn bộ
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