Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
0022-5002
1938-3711
Mỹ
Cơ quản chủ quản: Wiley-Blackwell , WILEY
Lĩnh vực:
Experimental and Cognitive PsychologyBehavioral Neuroscience
Phân tích ảnh hưởng
Thông tin về tạp chí
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior is primarily for the original publication of experiments relevant to the behavior of individual organisms.
Các bài báo tiêu biểu
A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE RESPONDING MAINTAINED BY INTERVAL SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT<sup>1</sup> Interval schedules of reinforcement maintained pigeons' key‐pecking in six experiments. Each schedule was specified in terms of mean interval, which determined the maximum rate of reinforcement possible, and distribution of intervals, which ranged from many‐valued (variable‐interval) to single‐valued (fixed‐interval). In Exp. 1, the relative durations of a sequence of intervals from an arithmetic progression were held constant while the mean interval was varied. Rate of responding was a monotonically increasing, negatively accelerated function of rate of reinforcement over a range from 8.4 to 300 reinforcements per hour. The rate of responding also increased as time passed within the individual intervals of a given schedule. In Exp. 2 and 3, several variable‐interval schedules made up of different sequences of intervals were examined. In each schedule, the rate of responding at a particular time within an interval was shown to depend at least in part on the local rate of reinforcement at that time, derived from a measure of the probability of reinforcement at that time and the proximity of potential reinforcements at other times. The functional relationship between rate of responding and rate of reinforcement at different times within the intervals of a single schedule was similar to that obtained across different schedules in Exp. 1. Experiments 4, 5, and 6 examined fixed‐interval and two‐valued (mixed fixed‐interval fixed‐interval) schedules, and demonstrated that reinforcement at one time in an interval had substantial effects on responding maintained at other times. It was concluded that the rate of responding maintained by a given interval schedule depends not on the overall rate of reinforcement provided but rather on the summation of different local effects of reinforcement at different times within intervals.
Tập 11 Số 3S2 - Trang 327-383 - 1968
TEMPORAL DISCRIMINATION AND A FREE‐OPERANT PSYCHOPHYSICAL PROCEDURE Pigeons were presented a series of keylight time periods (separated by blackouts) during which two response keys were lit, one by blue light and the other either by orange or green. Blue‐key responses changed the color on the other key. Orange‐key responses sometimes produced food during the first half of a time period; green‐key responses sometimes produced food during the second half. In three experiments, the probability of a green‐key response increased as a function of elapsed time. Experiment 1 compared performance when the duration of the keylight periods was varied across a wide range. Discrimination performance was similar across the range of durations. Experiment 2 varied both relative reinforcement rate and the local reinforcement rate for orange‐key and green‐key responses. These manipulations produced changes in response bias but not discrimination sensitivity. Experiment 3 varied the local temporal placement of reinforcers within time periods and demonstrated that choice behavior was affected by differential reinforcement at different points during the time periods. The results were consistent with previous research on duration discrimination that used psychophysical trials procedures.
Tập 33 Số 2 - Trang 167-185 - 1980
SHIFTS IN THE PSYCHOMETRIC FUNCTION AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR MODELS OF TIMING This study examined how two models of timing, scalar expectancy theory (SET) and learning to time (LeT), conceptualize the learning process in temporal tasks, and then reports two experiments to test these conceptualizations. Pigeons responded on a two‐alternative free‐operant psychophysical procedure in which responses on the left key were reinforceable during the first two, but not the last two, quarters of a 60‐s trial, and responses on the right key were reinforceable during the last two, but not the first two, quarters of the trial. In Experiment 1 three groups of birds experienced a difference in reinforcement rates between the two keys only at the end segments of the trial (i.e., between the first and fourth quarters), only around the middle segments of the trial (i.e., between the second and third quarters), or in both end and middle segments. In Condition 1 the difference in reinforcement rate favored the left key; in Condition 2 it favored the right key. When the reinforcement rates differed in the end segments of the trial, the psychometric function—the proportion of right responses across the trial—did not shift across conditions; when it occurred around the middle of the trial or in both end and middle segments, the psychometric function shifted across conditions. Experiment 2 showed that the psychometric function shifts even when the overall reinforcement rate for the two keys is equal, provided the rates differ around the middle of the trial. This pattern of shifts of the psychometric function is inconsistent with SET. In contrast, LeT provided a good quantitative fit to the data.
Tập 74 Số 1 - Trang 25-54 - 2000
THE BEHAVIORAL THEORY OF TIMING: REINFORCER RATE DETERMINES PACEMAKER RATE In the behavioral theory of timing, pulses from a hypothetical Poisson pacemaker produce transitions between states that are correlated with adjunctive behavior. The adjunctive behavior serves as a discriminative stimulus for temporal discriminations. The present experiments tested the assumption that the average interpulse time of the pacemaker is proportional to interreinforcer interval. Responses on a left key were reinforced at variable intervals for the first 25 s since the beginning of a 50‐s trial, and right‐key responses were reinforced at variable intervals during the second 25 s. Psychometric functions relating proportion of right‐key responses to time since trial onset, in 5‐s intervals across the 50‐s trial, were sigmoidal in form. Average interpulse times derived by fitting quantitative predictions from the behavioral theory of timing to obtained psychometric functions decreased when the interreinforcer interval was decreased and increased when the interreinforcer interval was increased, as predicted by the theory. In a second experiment, average interpulse times estimated from trials without reinforcement followed global changes in interreinforcer interval, as predicted by the theory. Changes in temporal discrimination as a function of interreinforcer interval were therefore not influenced by the discrimination of reinforcer occurrence. The present data support the assumption of the behavioral theory of timing that interpulse time is determined by interreinforcer interval.
Tập 61 Số 1 - Trang 19-33 - 1994
SCALING OF STIMULUS DURATION BY PIGEONS<sup>1</sup> Pigeons were presented with a series of key‐illumination time periods. During these periods two response keys were lit, one by white light and the other by red or green. White‐key responses changed the color on the other key and green‐ and red‐key responses intermittently produced food. Choice responses were reinforced at either of two intervals timed from the onset of the stimulus period. Food was scheduled for green responses during the shorter interval in some stimulus periods and food was scheduled for red‐key responses at the longer interval during alternate stimulus periods. The temporal location of food in the stimulus periods was varied across conditions. Across conditions, the pigeons responded on the green key until the time at which green‐key responses might be reinforced had passed; then, the probability of red‐key responses increased as the time approached at which red‐key responses might be reinforced. In all conditions, the pigeons, changed from green‐key to red‐key responses at the time that was an equal relative temporal distance from the two intervals where these responses were reinforced.
Tập 26 Số 1 - Trang 15-25 - 1976
EFFECTS OF D‐AMPHETAMINE IN A TEMPORAL DISCRIMINATION PROCEDURE: SELECTIVE CHANGES IN TIMING OR RATE DEPENDENCY? Two experiments evaluated rate dependency and a neuropharmacological model of timing as explanations of the effects of amphetamine on behavior under discriminative control by time. Four pigeons pecked keys during 60‐trial sessions. On each trial, the houselight was lit for a particular duration (5 to 30 s), and then the key was lit for 30 s. In Experiment 1, the key could be lit either green or blue. If the key was lit green and the sample was 30 s, or if the key was lit blue and the sample was 5 s, pecks produced food on a variable‐interval 20‐s schedule. The rate of key pecking increased as a function of sample duration when the key was green and decreased as a function of sample duration when the key was blue. Acute d ‐amphetamine (0.1 to 3.0 mg/kg) decreased higher rates of key pecking and increased lower rates of key pecking as predicted by rate dependency, but did not shift the timing functions leftward (toward overestimation) as predicted by the neuropharmacological model. These results were replicated in Experiment 2, in which the key was lit only one color during sessions, indicating that the effects were not likely due to disruption of discriminative control by key color. These results are thus consistent with rate dependency but not with the predictions of the neuropharmacological model.
Tập 78 Số 2 - Trang 195-214 - 2002
EFFECTS OF BARBITURATES AND OTHER SEDATIVE HYPNOTICS IN PIGEONS TRAINED TO DISCRIMINATE PHENCYCLIDINE FROM SALINE Pigeons were trained to peck the center key (lighted white) of three response keys to turn off the center keylight and to light one of the side keys with a red keylight and the other side key with a green keylight. Five responses (fixed‐ratio component) on either side key relighted the center key. Food was delivered following 10 fixed‐ratio components on the red key if 1.5 mg/kg phencyclidine had been given before the session, or 10 fixed‐ratio components on the green key if saline had been given before the session. The position of the red and green keylights on the side keys varied randomly each time they were lighted by a peck on the center key. Subsequently, increasing doses of phencyclidine, barbital, amobarbital, phenobarbital, methaqualone, methyprylon, diazepam, oxazepam, and d ‐amphetamine were substituted for the training dose of phencyclidine, using a cumulative dosing procedure. At low doses of the sedative hypnotics, birds pecked the keylight color associated with saline. At higher doses, birds pecked both key colors. At the highest doses of pentobarbital and amobarbital, some birds responded almost exclusively on the color associated with phencyclidine. When responding on keys of both colors occurred following administration of phencyclidine or other sedative hypnotics, this responding was controlled by key position rather than by key color.
Tập 40 Số 2 - Trang 133-142 - 1983
DISCOUNTING OF DELAYED FOOD REWARDS IN PIGEONS AND RATS: IS THERE A MAGNITUDE EFFECT? Temporal discounting refers to the decrease in the present, subjective value of a reward as the time to its receipt increases. Results from humans have shown that a hyperbola‐like function describes the form of the discounting function when choices involve hypothetical monetary rewards. In addition, magnitude effects have been reported in which smaller reward amounts are discounted more steeply than larger amounts. The present research examines the cross‐species generality of these findings using real rewards, namely food pellets, with both pigeons and rats. As with humans, an adjusting amount procedure was used to estimate the amount of immediate reward judged equal in value to a delayed reward. Different amounts of delayed food rewards (ranging from 5 to 32 pellets in pigeons and from 5 to 20 pellets in rats) were studied at delays varying from 1 s to 32 s. A simple hyperbola, similar to the hyperbola‐like mathematical function that describes the discounting of hypothetical monetary rewards in humans, described the discounting of food rewards in both pigeons and rats. These results extend the generality of the mathematical model of discounting. Rates of discounting delayed food rewards were higher for pigeons than for rats. Unlike humans, however, neither pigeons nor rats showed a reliable magnitude effect: Rate of discounting did not vary systematically as a function of the amount of the delayed reward.
Tập 81 Số 1 - Trang 39-50 - 2004
FINDING THE PHILOSOPHICAL CORE: A REVIEW OF STEPHEN C. PEPPER'S WORLD HYPOTHESES: A STUDY IN EVIDENCE<sup>1</sup>
Tập 50 Số 1 - Trang 97-111 - 1988
<i>PRAGMATISM, SCIENCE, AND SOCIETY: A REVIEW OF RICHARD RORTY'S</i> OBJECTIVITY, RELATIVISM, AND TRUTH: PHILOSOPHICAL PAPERS, VOLUME 1 Richard Rorty's Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth: Philosophical Papers, Volume 1 is a collection of papers that explores the implications of philosophical pragmatism in several areas, including natural science, mind—body issues in philosophy, and perspectives on liberal democracy and social change. Similarities between Rorty's pragmatism and Skinner's radical behaviorism are explored in each of these three areas. Although some important and interesting differences are found regarding the role of science in social change, most areas show remarkable similarities between the two systematic perspectives.
Tập 71 Số 3 - Trang 483-500 - 1999