Developmental Psychobiology
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Using drinking in the dark to model prenatal binge‐like exposure to ethanol in C57BL/6J mice Abstract Animal models of prenatal ethanol exposure are necessary to more fully understand the effects of ethanol on the developing embryo/fetus. However, most models employ procedures that may produce additional maternal stress beyond that produced by ethanol alone. We employed a daily limited‐access ethanol intake model called Drinking in the Dark (DID) to assess the effects of voluntary maternal binge‐like ethanol intake on the developing mouse. Evidence suggests that binge exposure may be particularly harmful to the embryo/fetus, perhaps due to the relatively higher blood ethanol concentrations achieved. Pregnant females had mean daily ethanol intakes ranging from 4.2 to 6.4 g/kg ethanol over gestation, producing blood ethanol concentrations ranging from 115 to 182 mg/dL. This level of ethanol intake produced behavioral alterations among adolescent offspring that disappeared by adulthood, including altered sensitivity to ethanol's hypnotic actions. The DID model may provide a useful tool for studying the effects of prenatal ethanol exposure in mice. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 566–578, 2008.
Developmental Psychobiology - Tập 50 Số 6 - Trang 566-578 - 2008
Longitudinal stability and developmental properties of salivary cortisol levels and circadian rhythms from childhood to adolescence Abstract This study aimed to (1) identify a stable, trait‐like component to cortisol and its circadian rhythm, and (2) investigate individual differences in developmental trajectories of HPA‐axis maturation. Multiple salivary cortisol samples were collected longitudinally across four assessments from age 9 (3rd grade) through age 15 (9th grade) in a community sample of children (N = 357). Sophisticated statistical models examined cortisol levels and its rhythm over time; effects of age, puberty and gender were primarily considered. In addition to situation‐specific and stable short‐term or epoch‐specific cortisol components, there is a stable, trait‐like component of cortisol levels and circadian rhythm across multiple years covering the transition from childhood into adolescence. Youth had higher cortisol and flatter circadian rhythms as they got older and more physically developed. Girls had higher cortisol, stronger circadian rhythms, and greater developmental influences across adolescence. Distinguishing a stable, trait‐like component of cortisol level and its circadian rhythm provides the empirical foundation for investigating putative mechanisms underlying individual differences in HPA functioning. The findings also provide important descriptive information about maturational processes influencing HPA‐axis development. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54: 493–502, 2012.
Developmental Psychobiology - Tập 54 Số 5 - Trang 493-502 - 2012
Salivary alpha‐amylase and cortisol in toddlers: Differential relations to affective behavior Abstract This study applies a minimally invasive and multi‐system measurement approach (using salivary analytes) to examine associations between the psychobiology of the stress response and affective behavior in toddlers. Eighty‐seven 2‐year‐olds (48 females) participated in laboratory tasks designed to elicit emotions and behavior ranging from pleasure/approach to fear/withdrawal. Saliva samples were collected pretask and immediately posttask, and assayed for markers of sympathetic nervous system (alpha‐amylase or sAA) and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (cortisol) activity. Individual differences in sAA were positively associated with approach behavior and positive affect; whereas, cortisol was positively associated with negative affect and withdrawal behavior. The findings suggest that individual differences in sAA may covary specifically with positive affect and approach behaviors or the predominant emotional state across a series of tasks. The results are discussed with respect to advancing biosocial models of the concomitants and correlates of young children's affective behaviors. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 807–818, 2008
Developmental Psychobiology - Tập 50 Số 8 - Trang 807-818 - 2008
Perinatal methylmercury intoxication: Behavioral effects in rats Abstract Sprague‐Dawley rats were subjected to perinatal (4th gestational day until Postnatal Day 21) methylmercury intoxication to determine the long‐term behavioral effect of the mercury poisoning. Experimental and control animals were evaluated at 110–140 days of age. Compared to controls, the methylmercury animals demonstrated significant behavioral deficits characterized by hypoactivity and by reduced appetitive, escape, and avoidance learning.
Developmental Psychobiology - Tập 14 Số 3 - Trang 213-219 - 1981
Effects of complex experience on somatic growth and organ development in rats Abstract Rats kept in complex environments (EC) show an array of brain changes relative to animals housed individually (IC). These effects have been explained as due to (a) information storage, (b) chronic stress that causes brain damage, or (c) neuroendocrine effects on brain maturation. Complex experience also affects somatic growth and organ development, and these may be related to the EC/IC brain differences. We have compared somatic growth and internal organs of 315 weanling and adult rats with various histories. (a)Young EC rats showed slower skeletal and visceral growth, while many brain components expand. (b) Although thymus and spleen were lighter in young ECs, immunocompetence was nonsignificantly (p <.07 ) higher than in ICs. (c) Somatic growth of adult rats was slow and not very responsive to experience, whereas studies have shown EC/IC brain effects similar to those in young rats. (d) Males had slightly greater EC/IC somatic and visceral differences. (e) The stress index, adrenal weight, varied across age and experiece, so chronic stress can not explain EC/IC brain differences. Training paradigms show brain changes similar to those from complex experience, occurring specifically with learning and in brain regions using the information. Learning and memory, therefore remain the best explanation of the EC brain effects.
Developmental Psychobiology - Tập 22 Số 7 - Trang 727-752 - 1989
Effects of differential environments on brain weights and enzyme activities in gerbils, rats, and mice Abstract In 2 experiments, littermate male gerbils were kept in enriched (EC), standard colony (SC), or impoverished (IC) environments from 30 to 60 days of age. Cerebral effects of these environmental treatments were compared with results obtained previously with laboratory rats and mice. The EC gerbils show, in comparsion with IC, an increase in cortical weight and an increase in the cortical/subcortical weight ratio, a decrease in cortical acetylcholinesterase per unit of weight, and a slight increase in the ratio of cholinesterase to acetylcholinesterase in the cortex. These changes for the most part follow the pattern of EC‐IC effects found in the rat and mouse. In both absolute brain measures and in EC‐IC effects, the gerbil resembles the rat more closely than the mouse. The results extend the generality of findings within Rodentia from the family Muridae , which includes rats and mice, to the family Cricetidae , to which gerbils belong. Furthermore, the gerbil, unlike the laboratory rat and mouse, has not been subjected to many years of selection for laboratory conditions.
Developmental Psychobiology - Tập 2 Số 2 - Trang 87-95 - 1969
Environmentally induced changes in the dimensions of the rat cerebrum: A replication and extension Abstract In previous reports exposure to 80 or 90 days of environmental complexity induced a significant increase in the length of the rat cerebrum, whereas 30 days' exposure induced changes which failed to reach significant levels. In the present study after 30 days of differential rearing, cerebral length was 1.2% (p < .005) greater in brains from the enriched animals; the region contributing to this increase lay between the anterior pole and the point of greatest cerebral width. Measurements of cerebral width and brain weight failed to show any significant change, but the body and adrenal weights of the isolated rats were 19.9% (p ≤ .02) greater, respectively, than those of their littermates reared in environmental complexity. However, the ratios of adrenal weight to body weight did not differ significantly between groups.
Developmental Psychobiology - Tập 6 Số 1 - Trang 3-7 - 1973
Repeated exposure of rat pups to isolation attenuates isolation‐induced ultrasonic vocalization rates: Reversal with naltrexone Abstract Young rat pups are dependent on the dam for their survival, thus isolation of the neonatal rat pup from the dam presents the young organism with a variety of stressors. The question examined in this study concerns the ability of the young rat pup to modify its response to isolation following repeated exposure to that isolation as well as the role played by endogenous opiates in this process. Following repeated isolations, pups were seen to decrease vocalization rates. Altering the context in an attempt to dishabituate animals failed to reverse the decreased vocalization rate. However, opiate receptor blockade attenuated this decrease when administered subsequent to the first isolation period but not prior to the last isolation period. These results suggest that the development of this attenuated response to isolation stress is opiate‐mediated but that once established, its expression is not dependent on endogenous opiate release.© 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Developmental Psychobiology - Tập 27 Số 1 - Trang 53-64 - 1994
The development of intersession habituation and emergence in socially reared and isolated rats Abstract Male and female hooded rats were weaned at 17 days and then reared in isolation or in social groups. Intersession habituation of locomotor activity in the open field was tested at 15, 25, and 45 days. Contrary to some previous reports, the 15‐day‐old animals showed significant habituation. At 45 days, however, the isolates showed very little habituation compared to the social animals. The isolates showed a similar pattern of development in their emergence into the open field. Apparently, isolation does not result in an arresting of development, but rather in the formation of behavior patterns otherwise absent in normally reared rats.
Developmental Psychobiology - Tập 8 Số 6 - Trang 553-559 - 1975
Early adverse experience increases emotional reactivity in juvenile rhesus macaques: Relation to amygdala volume ABSTRACT This study investigated the impact of infant maltreatment on juvenile rhesus monkeys' behavioral reactivity to novel stimuli and its associations with amygdala volume. Behavioral reactivity to novel stimuli of varying threat intensity was measured using Approach/Avoidance (AA) and Human Intruder (HI) tasks. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to measure amygdala volume. Interestingly, group behavioral differences were context‐dependent. When exposed to a human intruder, maltreated subjects displayed more anxious behaviors than controls; however, when presented with fear‐evoking objects, maltreated animals exhibited increased aggression and a shorter latency to inspect the objects. Finally, under testing conditions with the lowest levels of threat (neutral novel objects) maltreated animals also showed shorter latencies to inspect objects, and reduced avoidance and increased exploration compared to controls. This suggests alterations in threat assessment and less behavioral inhibition in animals with early adverse experience compared to controls. Some of these behavioral responses were associated with amygdala volume, which was positively correlated with abuse rates received during infancy, particularly reflecting a relationship with exploration, consistent with previous studies. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc . Dev Psychobiol 56: 1735–1746, 2014.
Developmental Psychobiology - Tập 56 Số 8 - Trang 1735-1746 - 2014
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