AbstractIt has been hypothesized that reward‐seeking and impulsivity develop
along different timetables and have different neural underpinnings, and that the
difference in their timetables helps account for heightened risk‐taking during
adolescence. In order to test these propositions, age differences in
reward‐seeking and impulsivity were examined in a socioeconomically and
ethnically diverse sam... hiện toàn bộ
Christine Heim, Margaret A. Shugart, W. Edward Craighead, Charles B. Nemeroff
AbstractThe effects of early‐life trauma and its consequences for the treatment
of depression are reviewed. The prevalence and clinical sequelae of early sexual
and physical abuse, neglect and parental loss are described. An overview of
preclinical studies that help guide clinical research and practice is presented.
Human clinical studies on the neurobiological consequences of early trauma are
sum... hiện toàn bộ
AbstractThe behavioral and polygraphic characteristics of wakefulness and sleep
were studied in 20 infant rats, 26 kittens, and 25 infant guinea pigs during
their first month of postnatal life. In the infant guinea pig, the
electrocorticographic (ECoG) patterns of sleep were similar to those of the
adult, except for the absence of spindles during the first 3 weeks. In the rat
and the cat, states o... hiện toàn bộ
B.J. Casey, Rebecca M. Jones, Liat Levita, Victoria Libby, Siobhan S. Pattwell, Erika J. Ruberry, F. S. G. SOLIMAN, Leah H. Somerville
AbstractThe characterization of adolescence as a time of “storm and stress”
remains an open debate. Intense and frequent negative affect during this period
has been hypothesized to explain the increased rates of affective disorders,
suicide, and accidental death during this time of life. Yet some teens emerge
from adolescence with minimal turmoil. We provide a neurobiological model of
adolescence ... hiện toàn bộ
AbstractPsychophysical studies of children deprived of early visual experience
by dense cataracts indicate that there are multiple sensitive periods during
which experience can influence visual development. We note three sensitive
periods within acuity, each with different developmental time courses: the
period of visually‐driven normal development, the sensitive period for damage,
and the sensiti... hiện toàn bộ
AbstractIn this article, we provide a critical review of the literature on
speech perception and phonological processing in infancy, and in populations
with different experiential histories as a window to understanding how the
notion of critical periods might apply to the acquisition of one part of
language: the sound system. We begin by suggesting the use of the term “optimal
period” because (a) ... hiện toàn bộ
AbstractAll organisms inherit parents' genes, but many also inherit parents,
peers, and the places they inhabit as well. We suggest the term ontogenetic
niche to signify the ecological and social legacies that accompany genes. A
formal name is needed to give the idea of the inherited environment equal status
with its conceptual cognates; nature and nurture. We argue here that increased
recognition... hiện toàn bộ
AbstractThe development of coordination of leg movements of human infants is
discussed from the perspective of dynamic motor theory. Even in the newborn
period, leg movements have topographical and temporal organization, but it is
global and inflexible. During the first year, limb segments become both
disassociated from these global synergies and reintegrated into more complex
coalitions. Growthre... hiện toàn bộ
AbstractSeparation of neonatal rat pups from the dam have been reported to
elicit two endocrine responses in the pup: a fall in growth hormone secretion
and a rise in corticosterone secretion. However, the temporal, ontogenetic, and
behavioral determinants of these responses have not been compared. In the
present study, we report that these two responses can be differentiated on each
of these crit... hiện toàn bộ
Robert V. Harrison, Karen A. Gordon, Richard J. Mount
AbstractA range of basic and applied studies have demonstrated that during the
development of the auditory system, early experimental manipulations or clinical
interventions are generally more effective than those made later. We present a
short review of these studies. We investigated this age‐related plasticity in
relation to the timing of cochlear implantation in deaf‐from‐birth children.
Cochle... hiện toàn bộ