Pablo A. Goloboff, James S. Farris, Kevin C. Nixon
AbstractThe main features of the phylogeny program TNT are discussed. Windows
versions have a menu interface, while Macintosh and Linux versions are
command‐driven. The program can analyze data sets with discrete (additive,
non‐additive, step‐matrix) as well as continuous characters (evaluated with
Farris optimization). Effective analysis of large data sets can be carried out
in reasonable times, ... hiện toàn bộ
AbstractVersion 1.5 of the computer program TNT completely integrates landmark
data into phylogenetic analysis. Landmark data consist of coordinates (in two or
three dimensions) for the terminal taxa; TNT reconstructs shapes for the
internal nodes such that the difference between ancestor and descendant shapes
for all tree branches sums up to a minimum; this sum is used as tree score.
Landmark dat... hiện toàn bộ
AbstractThe history of long‐branch attraction, and in particular methods
suggested to detect and avoid the artifact to date, is reviewed. Methods
suggested to avoid LBA‐artifacts include excluding long‐branch taxa, excluding
faster evolving third codon positions, using inference methods less sensitive to
LBA such as likelihood, the Aguinaldo et al. approach, sampling more taxa to
break up long bra... hiện toàn bộ
Abstract Absolute criteria for evaluating cladistic analyses are useful, not
only because cladistic algorithms impose structure, but also because
applications of cladistic results demand some assessment of the degree of
corroboration of the cladogram. Here, a means of quantitative evaluation is
presented based on tree length. The length of the most‐parsimonious tree
reflects the degree to which th... hiện toàn bộ
AbstractSystematists have questioned the distinction between characters and
character states and their alignment with the traditional concept of homology.
Previous definitions for character and character state show surprising
variation. Here it is concluded that characters are simply features expressed as
independent variables and character states the mutually exclusive conditions of
a character. ... hiện toàn bộ
Abstract— A cladistic analysis of chordates is presented, based on some 320
nested characters. All the principal higher taxa are defined by synapomorphies,
including extinct acanthodians and placoderms. The data base draws broadly from
adult anatomy (including osteological data for Recent and fossil taxa),
embryology, physiology, and biochemistry. A conventional sequence of chordate
higher taxa is... hiện toàn bộ
Annie R. Lindgren, Gonzalo Giribet, Michele K. Nishiguchi
AbstractCephalopoda represents a highly diverse group of molluscs, ranging in
habitat from coastal regions to deep benthic waters. While cephalopods remain at
the forefront of modern biology, in providing insight into fields such as
neurobiology and population genetics, little is known about the relationships
within the group. This study provides a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of
Cephalopod... hiện toàn bộ