British Journal of Psychiatry

  0007-1250

  1472-1465

  Anh Quốc

Cơ quản chủ quản:  CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS , Royal College of Psychiatrists

Lĩnh vực:
Medicine (miscellaneous)Psychiatry and Mental Health

Các bài báo tiêu biểu

A New Depression Scale Designed to be Sensitive to Change
Tập 134 Số 4 - Trang 382-389 - 1979
Stuart Montgomery, Marie Åsberg
Summary

The construction of a depression rating scale designed to be particularly sensitive to treatment effects is described. Ratings of 54 English and 52 Swedish patients on a 65 item comprehensive psychopathology scale were used to identify the 17 most commonly occurring symptoms in primary depressive illness in the combined sample.

Ratings on these 17 items for 64 patients participating in studies of four different antidepressant drugs were used to create a depression scale consisting of the 10 items which showed the largest changes with treatment and the highest correlation to overall change.

The inter-rater reliability of the new depression scale was high. Scores on the scale correlated significantly with scores on a standard rating scale for depression, the Hamilton Rating Scale (HRS), indicating its validity as a general severity estimate. Its capacity to differentiate between responders and non-responders to antidepressant treatment was better than the HRS, indicating greater sensitivity to change. The practical and ethical implications in terms of smaller sample sizes in clinical trials are discussed.

Detection of Postnatal Depression
Tập 150 Số 6 - Trang 782-786 - 1987
John Cox, J M Holden, R. Sagovsky

The development of a 10-item self-report scale (EPDS) to screen for Postnatal Depression in the community is described. After extensive pilot interviews a validation study was carried out on 84 mothers using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for depressive illness obtained from Goldberg's Standardised Psychiatric Interview. The EPDS was found to have satisfactory sensitivity and specficity, and was also sensitive to change in the severity of depression over time. The scale can be completed in about 5 minutes and has a simple method of scoring. The use of the EPDS in the secondary prevention of Postnatal Depression is discussed.

A Rating Scale for Mania: Reliability, Validity and Sensitivity
Tập 133 Số 5 - Trang 429-435 - 1978
Robert C. Young, John T. Biggs, Vincent E. Ziegler, Denny Meyer
Summary

An eleven item clinician-administered Mania Rating Scale (MRS) is introduced, and its reliability, validity and sensitivity are examined. There was a high correlation between the scores of two independent clinicians on both the total score (0.93) and the individual item scores (0.66 to 0.92). The MRS score correlated highly with an independent global rating, and with scores of two other mania rating scales administered concurrently. The score also correlated with the number of days of subsequent stay in hospital. It was able to differentiate statistically patients before and after two weeks of treatment and to distinguish levels of severity based on the global rating.

A New Clinical Scale for the Staging of Dementia
Tập 140 Số 6 - Trang 566-572 - 1982
Charles P. Hughes, Leonard van den Berg, Warren L. Danziger, Lawrence A. Coben, Ronald L. Martin
Summary

Accurate clinical staging of dementia in older subjects has not previously been achieved despite the use of such methods as psychometric testing, behavioural rating, and various combinations of simpler psychometric and behavioural evaluations. The Clinical Dementia Rating (CRD), a global rating device, was developed for a prospective study of mild senile dementia—Alzheimer type (SDAT). Reliability, validity, and correlational data are discussed. The CDR was found to distinguish unambiguously among older subjects with a wide range of cognitive function, from healthy to severely impaired.

The Association Between Quantitative Measures of Dementia and of Senile Change in the Cerebral Grey Matter of Elderly Subjects
Tập 114 Số 512 - Trang 797-811 - 1968
G. Blessed, B. E. Tomlinson, Martin Roth

The ageing of many populations in recent years has directed increasing attention to the social, medical and biological problems of senescence. The psychological changes associated with ageing occupy a central position in inquiries in this field. The expectation of mental disorder shows a steep increase with advancing chronological age, and beyond 75 years a large part of this increase is accounted for by disorders associated with degenerative changes in the central nervous system for which we lack remedies at the present time. Larsson et al. (1963) have estimated that the aggregate morbidity risk for these disorders up to the age of 70 is 0·4 per cent., up to age 75, 1·2 per cent. and up to age 80, 5 per cent. For higher ages estimates were probably less reliable, but the calculated risk up to the age of 90 was 5·2 per cent. In a survey of a random sample of elderly people aged 65 and over in the general population, Kay et al. (1964), found a total of 4·2 per cent. of elderly subjects to be suffering from senile dementia, 2·9 per cent. being mild cases. The condition is generally recognized as being a major cause of serious infirmity among the elderly in psychiatric, geriatric, general medical and community practice alike.

Resilience in the Face of Adversity
Tập 147 Số 6 - Trang 598-611 - 1985
Michael Rutter

Almost since the beginnings of psychiatric practice, there has been a recognition that negative life experiences and stressful happenings may serve to precipitate mental disorders (Garmezy & Rutter, 1985). Nearly 200 years ago, Pinel wrote about the psychiatric risks associated with unexpected reverses or adverse circumstances, and it is reported that his initial question to newly admitted psychiatric patients was: “Have you suffered vexation, grief or reverse of fortune?” Nevertheless, although an appreciation that a variety of stressors may play a role in the genesis of psychiatric disorder has a long history, the systematic study of such effects is much more recent.

Cross-national prevalence and risk factors for suicidal ideation, plans and attempts
Tập 192 Số 2 - Trang 98-105 - 2008
Matthew K. Nock, Guilherme Borges, Evelyn J. Bromet, Jordi Alonso, Giovanni de Girolamo, Annette L. Beautrais, Ronny Bruffaerts, Wai Tat Chiu, Semyon Gluzman, Ron de Graaf, Oye Gureje, Josep María Haro, Yueqin Huang, Elie G. Karam, Ronald C. Kessler, J.P. Lépine, Daphna Levinson, María Elena Medina‐Mora, Yutaka Ono, José Posada‐Villa, David R. Williams
Background

Suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide; however, the prevalence and risk factors for the immediate precursors to suicide – suicidal ideation, plans and attempts – are not well-known, especially in low- and middle-income countries.

Aims

To report on the prevalence and risk factors for suicidal behaviours across 17 countries.

Method

A total of 84 850 adults were interviewed regarding suicidal behaviours and socio-demographic and psychiatric risk factors.

Results

The cross-national lifetime prevalence of suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts is 9.2% (s.e.=0.1), 3.1% (s.e.=0.1), and 2.7% (s.e.=0.1). Across all countries, 60% of transitions from ideation to plan and attempt occur within the first year after ideation onset. Consistent cross-national risk factors included being female, younger, less educated, unmarried and having a mental disorder. Interestingly, the strongest diagnostic risk factors were mood disorders in high-income countries but impulse control disorders in low- and middle-income countries.

Conclusion

There is cross-national variability in the prevalence of suicidal behaviours, but strong consistency in the characteristics and risk factors for these behaviours. These findings have significant implications for the prediction and prevention of suicidal behaviours.

Gender differences in depression
Tập 177 Số 6 - Trang 486-492 - 2000
Marco Piccinelli, Greg Wilkinson
Background

With few exceptions, the prevalence, incidence and morbidity risk of depressive disorders are higher in females than in males, beginning at mid-puberty and persisting through adult life.

Aims

To review putative risk factors leading to gender differences in depressive disorders.

Method

A critical review of the literature, dealing separately with artefactual and genuine determinants of gender differences in depressive disorders.

Results

Although artefactual determinants may enhance a female preponderance to some extent, gender differences in depressive disorders are genuine. At present, adverse experiences in childhood, depression and anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence, sociocultural roles with related adverse experiences, and psychological attributes related to vulnerability to life events and coping skills are likely to be involved. Genetic and biological factors and poor social support, however, have few or no effects in the emergence of gender differences.

Conclusions

Determinants of gender differences in depressive disorders are far from being established and their combination into integrated aetiological models continues to be lacking.

The SCL-90 and the MMPI: A Step in the Validation of a New Self-Report Scale
Tập 128 Số 3 - Trang 280-289 - 1976
Leonard R. Derogatis, Karl Rickels, A F Rock
Summary

The present investigation was intended principally as a concurrent validation study for a new self-report symptom inventory: the SCL-90. A sample of 209 ‘symptomatic volunteers' served as subjects and were administered both the SCL-90 and the MMPI prior to participation in clinical therapeutic drug trials. The MMPI was scored for the Wiggins content scales and the Tryon cluster scales in addition to the standard clinical scales. Comparisons of the nine primary symptom dimensions of the SCL-90 with the set of MMPI scales reflected very high convergent validity for the SCL-90. Peak correlations were observed with like constructs on eight of the nine scales, with secondary patterns of correlations showing high interpretative consistency.

CAMDEX: A Standardised Instrument for the Diagnosis of Mental Disorder in the Elderly with Special Reference to the Early Detection of Dementia
Tập 149 Số 6 - Trang 698-709 - 1986
Martin Roth, Elizabeth Tym, C.Q. Mountjoy, Felicia A. Huppert, Hugh C. Hendrie, Swapna Verma, Richard Goddard

A new interview schedule for the diagnosis and measurement of dementia in the elderly is described. The schedule named the Cambridge Mental Disorders of the Elderly Examination (CAMDEX), consists of three main sections: (1) A structured clinical Interview with the patient to obtain systematic information about the present state, past history and family history; (2) a range of objective cognitive tests which constitute a minineuropsychological battery; (3) a structured Interview with a relative or other Informant to obtain Independent Information about the respondent's present state, past history and family history. The CAMDEX Is acceptable to patients, has a high inter-rater reliability and the cognitive section has been shown to have high sensitivity and specificity.