The effect of fumigation with microencapsulated allyl isothiocyanate in a gas-barrier bag against Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)Applied Entomology and Zoology - - 2020
Yoshiaki Hashimoto, Hironori Sakamoto, Hiromi Asai, Masamitsu Yasoshima, Hsuan-Yin Lin, Koichi Goka
AbstractRed imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), which are among the most harmful alien ants, were first detected in Japan in a shipping container from China in May 2017, and continue to enter Japan via this trade pathway. Fumigation is one of the most effective ways to eliminate S. invicta from goods transported in containers. The present study is the first to evaluate the effect of fumigation with allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) against S. invicta. Fumigation using microencapsulated AITC pellets in a gas-barrier bag for 24 h completely killed S. invicta. Furthermore, our fumigation system was able to maintain a high concentration of AITC vapor for at least 13 days. AITC, a naturally occurring compound in wasabi [Eutrema japonicum (Miq.) Koidz], has been demonstrated to be safe for humans and the environment, but its use as a fumigant is limited by its strong volatility and pungency. However, its encapsulation solves this problem by allowing controlled vapor release. Thus, the use of microencapsulated AITC in combination with a gas-barrier bag has considerable potential to provide an effective and easy-to-use protocol for fumigation of S. invicta.
Benomyl-resistant Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) mutants induced by ion beamsApplied Entomology and Zoology - - 2015
Yuyun Fitriana, S. Shinohara, Katsuya Satoh, Issay Narumi, Tsutomu Saito
Abstract
Fungicides targeted at phytopathogens can be harmful to entomopathogenic fungi. The purpose of this study was to use ion-beam irradiation technology to produce benomyl-resistant mutants of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. After irradiation of conidia at 150 Gy, two mutant isolates, BB22 and BB24, were selected on media containing the fungicide. In an assay of vegetative growth, BB22 and BB24 were over 500 and 800 times more tolerant to benomyl, respectively, compared with the wild isolate. However, in an assay of conidial germination, neither mutant had increased tolerance compared with the wild isolate. Both mutant isolates also had increased tolerance to thiophanate-methyl during vegetative growth, but reduced tolerance to diethofencarb. A mutation was found at position 198 of the β-tubulin gene in the mutant isolates, with a substitution of glutamate for alanine (E198A). Ion beams have great potential as a tool to improve the traits of entomopathogenic fungi such as increasing tolerance to fungicides. Fungicide-resistant mutants produced in this way could be useful agents for biological control within IPM programmes where fungicides are also used.
Rearing Orius strigicollis (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) on an alternative diet of brine shrimp, Artemia salina (Anostraca: Artemiidae)Applied Entomology and Zoology - Tập 51 - Trang 321-325 - 2016
Takahiro Nishimori, Kazuki Miura, Tomokazu Seko
We investigated the use of cysts of the brine shrimp Artemia salina Linnaeus as an alternative diet to eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, in rearing the biological control agent Orius strigicollis (Poppius). Although 3rd- and 4th-instar nymphs and 1st to 5th-instar nymphs took longer to develop when fed on brine shrimp cysts with shells than on E. kuehniella eggs, the difference was within or approximately 1 day. The nymphal survival and development were considered to be similar in O. strigicollis fed the two diets. In reproductive characteristics, adult female bugs fed eggs of E. kuehniella or brine shrimp cysts with shells performed better than those fed brine shrimp cysts without shells. Brine shrimp cysts with shells would, thus, be useful for reliably and economically rearing O. strigicollis. This rearing method may also prove useful as part of the quality assurance for commercially produced O. strigicollis.
A mathematical model for the territorial competition of the subterranean termites Coptotermes formosanus and Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)Applied Entomology and Zoology - Tập 49 - Trang 579-590 - 2014
Wonju Jeon, Sang-Hee Lee
The foraging territories of two subterranean termites, Coptotermes
formosanus Shiraki and Reticulitermes
flavipes (Kollar), were simulated using a two-dimensional model to explore how territorial competition changes according to two variables characterizing territory formation: the total number of territories, and the blocking probability. Meanwhile, the blocking probability quantitatively describes the likelihood that a tunnel will be terminated when another tunnel is encountered. In our previous study, we introduced an interference coefficient γ to characterize territorial competition, and obtained γ as a function of the total number of territories and the blocking probability for a single termite species by model simulation. In the field, the territorial competition of more than two termite species is frequently observed. Here, we extended the γ function to be able to explain the competition between the two species by applying statistical regression to the simulation data. Further, we statistically checked the extended γ function by comparing the γ function for a single species. We also discuss another approach to mathematically derive the extended γ function, which can be easily generalized for use in cases of territorial competition involving more than two termite species.
Cytoplasmic incompatibility involving Cardinium and Wolbachia in the white-backed planthopper Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)Applied Entomology and Zoology - Tập 47 - Trang 273-283 - 2012
Yuki Nakamura, Fumiko Yukuhiro, Masaya Matsumura, Hiroaki Noda
Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) is a reproductive phenotype induced by bacterial endosymbionts in arthropods. Measured as a reduction in egg hatchability resulting from the crossing of uninfected females with bacteria-infected males, CI increases the frequency of bacteria-infected hosts by restricting the fertilization opportunities of uninfected hosts in populations. Wolbachia, a type of alpha-proteobacteria, is well known as a CI inducer in a wide range of arthropod species, while Cardinium, a member of the phylum Bacteroidetes, is known to cause CI in one wasp and three spider mite species. In this study, dual infection with Cardinium and Wolbachia induced strong CI in a single host, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), a planthopper species that is naturally infected with both bacteria. Specifically, infection with Cardinium alone was found to cause a 76 % reduction in egg development, and dual infection with Cardinium and Wolbachia a 96 % reduction, indicating that Cardinium induces CI and the dual infection raises the CI level. This study was the first to document reproductive alteration by Cardinium in a diploid host species.
A rapid method of non-destructive DNA extraction from individual springtails (Collembola)Applied Entomology and Zoology - Tập 50 - Trang 419-425 - 2015
Hiroaki Aoyama, Seikoh Saitoh, Saori Fujii, Hideki Nagahama, Naoya Shinzato, Nobuhiro Kaneko, Taizo Nakamori
In this study, we describe an easy and rapid method for non-destructive DNA extraction from a single Collembola individual, without dissection, lysis of the specimen, or purification of extracted DNA. We demonstrate that, after a single specimen has been heat-treated in Tris-EDTA (TE) buffer using a standard thermocycler, the solution can be used for PCR amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene region, typically used for DNA barcoding. With this method, the morphological features of Collembola commonly used for species identification are well preserved. This DNA extraction method is preferable for DNA barcoding where the sequencing and preservation of a large number of small and fragile specimens are required.
Novel EST-SSRs for an important quarantine pest Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and their cross-species transferabilityApplied Entomology and Zoology - Tập 57 - Trang 151-160 - 2022
Tiansheng Liu, Xue Zhan, Jinyu Li, Fushi Ke, Xiangyu Zhu, Yanting Chen, Weiyi He, Shijun You
Liriomyza sativae is a globally distributed quarantine pest. We isolated polymorphic microsatellite loci from transcriptomic data for this species and tested their potential application in population genetics and cross-species transferability in other Agromyzidae species. Of the 130 microsatellite loci selected for validation, 40 were successfully amplified, and 18 were verified as polymorphic in L. sativae. The number of alleles (Na) ranged from two to ten, with polymorphism information content (PIC) values between 0.289 and 0.818. Observed (HO) and expected (HE) heterozygosity varied from 0.250 to 0.900 and 0.314 to 0.859, respectively. Low among-population differentiation was also indicated by pairwise FST (0.032–0.045). Structure analysis and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) suggested three clusters for the 94 samples from three different locations (FZNT, SMSX, and QZYC) in Fujian Province, China. The low genetic differentiation and clear genetic structure among populations of this invasive species may result from extensive human activity. In additional, cross-species tests validated the amplification of 16, 19, 11 and 9 of 40 loci in Liriomyza huidobrensis, Liriomyza trifolii, Chromatomyia horticola and Ophiomyia phaseoli, respectively, showed the potential application of these markers for population genetic analysis in these species.
Morphology and development of the short wing in the seasonal dimorphism of the tussock moth, Orgyia thyellina (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae): comparison with the long wingApplied Entomology and Zoology - Tập 54 - Trang 47-54 - 2018
Akihiro Yoshida, Yoshiomi Kato
In the tussock moth, Orgyia thyellina Butler, the female adults produced from the larvae reared under a short-day (SD) photoperiod are short-winged, while those under a long-day (LD) photoperiod are long-winged as most lepidopterans are. To characterize morphology and development of the short wing of the SD adult, we examined the adult and pupal wings of the SD and LD females by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The examination of the adult wings showed that the wings of the SD females are much thicker and rougher than those of the LD females. The wing veins of the former look wavy, while those of the latter straight. The wing scale morphology of the former was similar to that of the latter, while the scale density of the former was much higher than that of the latter. The examination of the fully developed pupal wings showed that the wings of the SD pupae are morphologically similar to those of the LD pupae, and also to the short wings of the SD adults. The results indicate that the short wing of the SD adult is developed almost without spreading the fully developed pupal wing, unlike the previously reported processes of the short wing development involving massive cell death.
