Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism
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Diet-Induced Thermogenesis in Man: Thermic Effects of Single Protein and Carbohydrate Test Meals in Lean and Obese Subjects
Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism - Tập 31 Số 2 - Trang 117-125 - 1987
Plasma Lipoproteins in Maturity Onset Diabetes Plasma lipoprotein abnormalities in maturity onset diabetes (MOD) reflect both enhanced production and impaired removal of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Hyper-glycemia and hyperinsulinemia lead to overproduction of very-low-density lipoproteins by the liver. Fat tolerance is reduced in MOD patients: this might be due to low lipoprotein lipase activity (LLA) and/or to low incorporation of LLA-released fatty acids into adipose tissue glyceride. The finding of abnormal low-density lipoprotein composition, with relative enrichment in triglyceride, suggests remnant particle accumulation.
Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism - Tập 24 Số Suppl. 1 - Trang 65-73 - 1980
Genetic Factors and Molecular Mechanisms of Vitamin D and Obesity Relationship Vitamin D (vitD) deficiency is associated with a wide range of chronic diseases and conditions, including obesity, and with an increasing severity of metabolic dysregulation, such as insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, liver disease, and hypertension, both in children and adults. However, the nature of the association between low vitD status and obesity remains unclear. This fact has motivated the scientific community to conduct genetic association analyses between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D)-related genes and obesity traits. In this line, the variation in the vitD receptor (<i>VDR</i>) gene represents the bulk of the findings. Specifically, polymorphisms in the <i>VDR</i> gene have been associated with obesity traits in some but not all, studies. Thus, results regarding this matter remain inconclusive. Other genes aside from <i>VDR</i> have also been investigated in relation to obesity-related traits. However, again, findings have been inconsistent. In general, results point to the fact that the <i>DBP/GC</i> gene could be an important protein-linking obesity and vitD status. On the other hand, several studies have attempted to determine the molecular mechanism of the relationship between 25(OH)-D levels and obesity. Some of these studies suggest that vitD, due to its fat-soluble characteristic, is retained by the adipose tissue and has the capacity to metabolize 25(OH)-D locally, and this can be altered during obesity. Additionally, vitD is capable of regulating the gene expression related to adipogenesis process, inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolism in mature adipocytes. Therefore, the aim of the present review was to evaluate the association between obesity and vitD deficiency describing the main molecular mechanism of the relationship and the link with genetic factors. <b><i>Key Messages:</i></b> Low serum 25(OH)-D is positively associated with obesity or BMI in adults and children. Circulating vitD concentrations are, at least, partially determined by genetic factors. VitD plays an important role in the adipogenesis process and inflammation status in adipocytes and adipose tissue.
Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism - Tập 73 Số 2 - Trang 89-99 - 2018
Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on General and Central Obesity: Results from 20 Randomized Controlled Trials Involving Apparently Healthy Populations <b><i>Background:</i></b> The obesity pandemic has been paralleled by a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (VDD). There is growing epidemiological evidence linking low vitamin D status with obesity events. In addition, observational studies also show that obesity may increase the risk of VDD. However, there is insufficient knowledge to understand whether there is a causality between the two. Moreover, the impact of vitamin D supplementation on obesity indices has shown inconsistent outcomes. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> This meta-analysis aimed to assess whether vitamin D supplementation modified general and central obesity indices in apparently healthy populations. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A systematic retrieval of relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was undertaken using Pubmed, Embase, Web of Knowledge and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. The pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to assess the changes in body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) from baseline. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Twenty RCTs involving 3,153 participants reporting either BMI, WC, WHR or 25(OH)D met the inclusion criteria. When compared with placebo, vitamin D supplementation had no significant decreases in BMI (WMD = –0.09 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, 95% CI –0.19 to 0.01, <i>p</i> = 0.08), WC (WMD = –0.71 cm, 95% CI –1.58 to 0.16, <i>p</i> = 0.112) or WHR (WMD = 0.00, 95% CI –0.01 to 0.01, <i>p</i> = 0.749). However, in the subgroups of females, Asia region studies and intervention duration ≥6 months, a beneficial and significant reduction in BMI and WC was noted (all <i>p</i> < 0.026). On the other hand, pooled results showed that there was a significant increase in serum 25(OH)D levels (WMD = 13.20 ng/mL, 95% CI 9.83–16.58, <i>p</i> < 0.001) after vitamin D intervention. No publication bias was found in our study. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Overall, supplementation with vitamin D produced no significant effect on the BMI, WC or WHR of healthy adults.
Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism - Tập 76 Số 3 - Trang 153-164 - 2020
The Micronutrient Status of Patients with Phenylketonuria on Dietary Treatment: An Ongoing Challenge <b><i>Background:</i></b> In phenylketonuria (PKU), phenylalanine-free <smlcap>L</smlcap>-amino acid supplements are the major source of dietary micronutrients. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Four hundred fifty-two retrospective annual/bi-annual non-fasting blood samples for nutritional markers (plasma zinc, selenium, and serum folate) from 78 subjects aged 1-16 years (median number of blood samples: 6, range 1-14) were analysed over 12 years. Longitudinal blood result data were available for 51 subjects (65%). The dietary intake from supplements was calculated. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The median intakes of all of the micronutrients studied were >200% of the reference nutrient intakes (RNI). There was no statistical correlation between dietary intake and nutritional markers outside of the normal reference range (RR) except for selenium, but there was a correlation between a lower plasma zinc, plasma selenium and haemoglobin status and better blood phenylalanine control in 1- to 4-year-old children. On at least one occasion, the individual plasma concentrations of zinc (71%, n = 54/76) and selenium (21%, n = 16/75) were below the RR; however, the concentrations of selenium (41%, n = 31/75) and serum folate (83%, n = 34/41) were also above the RR. Dietary intakes exceeded the upper tolerable intakes for zinc and copper (32%, n = 25) and folate (65%, n = 51). Individual longitudinal data demonstrated little change in micronutrient status over time. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> In PKU, biochemical micronutrient deficiencies are common despite micronutrient intakes above the RNI. Further study of the nutritional profiling of <smlcap>L</smlcap>-amino acid supplements in PKU is needed.
Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism - Tập 65 Số 1 - Trang 42-48 - 2014
Irisinemia: A Novel Concept to Coin in Clinical Medicine? Skeletal muscle can express and release substances such as cytokines or other peptides capable of modulating metabolic processes. These cytokines, named ‘myokines', function as hormones either locally within the muscle or by targeting distant organs. A novel peptidic myokine named ‘irisin' has been recently identified. It has been noted that circulating irisin levels are lower in type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared with nondiabetic controls as well as in patients with chronic kidney disease. In addition, a negative correlation between the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and circulating levels of irisin has been also observed. Thus, the blood concentration of irisin may reflect the metabolic status of patients suffering from metabolism disorders. In addition to glycemia or HbA1c, ‘irisinemia' may also become a new promising concept employed to monitor metabolic disorders such as T2D or obesity, representing a novel and useful tool in the management of metabolic diseases in the near future.
Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism - Tập 63 Số 1-2 - Trang 60-61 - 2013
Initial Intestinal Colonization in the Human Infant and Immune Homeostasis The paradigm of disease burden in the developed world has changed drastically in the last few decades from predominately infections to immune-mediated diseases (autoimmunity and allergy) because of alterations in the Western lifestyle (improved sanitation, immunizations, antibiotic usage and altered dietary intake). A diverse balanced microbiota is necessary for the development of an appropriate innate and adaptive immune response. There is strong evidence that disruption of the normal colonization process can lead to alterations in the important symbiotic relationship that is necessary for immune homeostasis. For example, infants born by cesarean section or receiving excessive perinatal antibiotics have inadequate initial colonization and aberrant mucosal immune function. As a result, later in childhood, they express an increased incidence in asthma and autoimmune diseases (e.g. celiac disease). An important component of initial colonization is the infant's diet. Breast milk contains a variety of nondigestible oligosaccharides which function as prebiotics preferentially stimulating proliferation of <i>Bifidobacteria</i> and <i>Lactobacilli</i>, important health-promoting bacteria, and cause fermentation of the oligosaccharides into short-chain fatty acids. In the absence of breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life, formula containing pre- and probiotics may overcome an initial inadequate colonization process and help establish a normal mucosal immune system.
Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism - Tập 63 Số Suppl. 2 - Trang 8-15 - 2013
Examination of the Antiglycemic Properties of Vinegar in Healthy Adults <i>Background:</i> Vinegar reduces postprandial glycemia (PPG) in healthy adults. This study investigated the vinegar dosage (10 vs. 20 g), timing (during mealtime vs. 5 h before meal) and application (acetic acid as vinegar vs. neutralized salt) for reducing PPG. <i>Methods:</i> Four randomized crossover trials were conducted in adults (n = 9–10/trial) with type 2 diabetes (1 trial) or without diabetes (3 trials). All trials followed the same protocol: a standardized meal the evening prior to testing, an overnight fast (>10 h) and 2-hour glucose testing following consumption of a bagel and juice test meal (3 trials) or dextrose solution (1 trial). For each trial, PPG was compared between treatments using area-under-the-curve calculations 120 min after the meal. <i>Results:</i> Two teaspoons of vinegar (∼10 g) effectively reduced PPG, and this effect was most pronounced when vinegar was ingested during mealtime as compared to 5 h before the meal. Vinegar did not alter PPG when ingested with monosaccharides, suggesting that the antiglycemic action of vinegar is related to the digestion of carbohydrates. Finally, sodium acetate did not alter PPG, indicating that acetate salts lack antiglycemic properties. <i>Conclusions:</i> The antiglycemic properties of vinegar are evident when small amounts of vinegar are ingested with meals composed of complex carbohydrates. In these situations, vinegar attenuated PPG by ∼20% compared to placebo.
Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism - Tập 56 Số 1 - Trang 74-79 - 2010
Effect of Pomegranate Juice on Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity in Patients with Obesity <i>Aim:</i> To evaluate the effect of pomegranate juice on insulin secretion and sensitivity in patients with obesity. <i>Methods:</i> A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out in 20 obese, adult volunteer subjects. After random allocation of the intervention, 10 patients received 120 ml of pomegranate juice or placebo while in a fasted state for 1 month. Glucose, uric acid, creatinine, lipid profile, and insulin were measured at baseline, and glucose and insulin were also measured at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. The area under the curve of glucose and insulin, total insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity was calculated. <i>Results:</i> There was a significant increase in weight, body mass index, and fat mass in the placebo group after the intervention. Insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity were not modified with administration of pomegranate juice. There was a significant difference in changes from baseline in fat mass between groups (1.1 ± 1.1% vs. –1.4 ± 3.0%, p = 0.010; placebo and pomegranate groups, respectively). <i>Conclusion:</i> Pomegranate juice administration for 1 month did not modify insulin secretion and sensitivity in patients with obesity; however, the natural evolution to increased weight and adiposity was halted.
Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism - Tập 58 Số 3 - Trang 220-223 - 2011
Acute Effects of Isocaloric Meals with Different Fiber and Antioxidant Contents on Inflammatory Markers in Healthy Individuals Chronic inflammation contributes to the pathophysiology of many chronic diseases. Dietary fibers and antioxidants may exert anti-inflammatory effects. The objective of this study was to determine whether meals with different fibers and antioxidants may elicit a different response in inflammatory markers in healthy volunteers. On 3 separate days, subjects (n = 8) consumed one of three isocaloric meals with different antioxidant (vitamin E, selenium and β-carotene) and fiber content (high, intermediate and low) in a randomized crossover design. Blood samples were collected at different times: 0 min (before the meal), and 30 and 240 min after the meal. Plasma interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, glucose and insulin content were evaluated at each time point. There were no significant differences for any of the parameters at baseline. Furthermore, plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 were unchanged at the 30- and 240-min time points whatever meal consumed. Moreover, the cytokine responses to glucose and insulin intake were not significantly different between experimental conditions. In conclusion, isocaloric meals with different fiber, β-carotene, vitamin E and selenium contents do not acutely affect inflammatory markers in healthy young males.
Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism - Tập 62 Số 2 - Trang 164-168 - 2013
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