Timing of Introduction of Complementary Food: Short- and Long-Term Health Consequences

Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism - Tập 60 Số Suppl. 2 - Trang 8-20 - 2012
Hildegard Przyrembel1
1Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany. [email protected]

Tóm tắt

Complementary food is needed when breast milk (or infant formula) alone is no longer sufficient for both nutritional and developmental reasons. The timing of its introduction, therefore, is an individual decision, although 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding can be recommended for most healthy term infants. The new foods are intended to ‘complement’ ongoing breastfeeding with those dietary items whose intake has become marginal or insufficient. Both breastfeeding and complementary feeding can have direct or later consequences on health. The evaluation of consequences of both early and late introduction of complementary food can neither disregard the effect of breastfeeding compared to formula feeding nor the composition or quality of the complementary food. Possible short-term health effects concern growth velocity and infections, and possible long-term effects may relate to atopic diseases, type 1 and 2 diabetes, obesity and neuromuscular development. On the basis of the currently available evidence, it is impossible to exactly determine the age when risks related to the start of complementary feeding are lowest or highest for most of these effects, with the possible exception of infections and early growth velocity. The present knowledge on undesirable health effects, however, is mainly based on observational studies, and although some mechanisms have been proposed, further prospective studies have to clarify these unsolved issues. Even less evidence on the consequences of the timing of complementary food introduction is available for formula-fed infants.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.1097%2FMPG.0b013e31819f1e05

10.1038%2Fsj.ejcn.1601168

10.1097%2F01.mpg.0000304464.60788.bd

10.1038%2Fsj.ejcn.1602604

10.1542%2Fpeds.2008-1315l

10.1097%2FMPG.0b013e31819f1ddc

10.1016%2Fj.jada.2009.09.003

10.1097%2FMPG.0b013e31819a4e1a

10.1186%2F1471-2458-11-S3-S25

10.1542%2Fpeds.2011-0914

10.1203%2F00006450-198503000-00011

10.1016%2FS0022-3476%2884%2980991-9

10.3945%2Fajcn.2008.26964

10.1542%2Fpeds.105.4.e51

10.1089%2Fbfm.2007.0002

10.1111%2Fj.1651-2227.1994.tb18262.x

10.1016%2FS0022-3476%2864%2980006-8

10.1007%2Fs00455-004-0025-2

10.1016%2Fj.clnu.2008.08.002

10.1046%2Fj.1365-277X.2001.00264.x

10.1111%2Fj.1740-8709.2008.00153.x

10.1111%2Fj.1651-2227.2003.tb00570.x

10.1016%2Fj.jpeds.2004.06.069

10.3945%2Fajcn.2008.27091

10.1136%2Fbmj.306.6892.1572

10.1136%2Fbmj.316.7124.21

10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2894%2991337-4

10.1136%2Fadc.2003.036137

10.1542%2Fpeds.102.3.569

10.1001%2Fjama.1934.02750360011006

10.1542%2Fpeds.2004-2283

10.1542%2Fpeds.2005-1629

10.1542%2Fpeds.2006-2256

10.1136%2Fadc.2003.038448

10.1542%2Fpeds.2008-3256

10.1136%2Fadc.2008.146126

10.1038%2Fijo.2009.20

10.1097%2F01.ede.0000152900.81355.00

10.1038%2Fsj.ijo.0803622

10.1038%2Fijo.2010.101

10.3945%2Fajcn.2008.27078

10.1542%2Fpeds.2010-0740

10.1001%2Farchpedi.158.5.449

10.1542%2Fpeds.2008-1149

10.1017%2FS002966510900130X

10.1136%2Ffn.87.3.F193

10.1016%2Fj.ghir.2008.06.003

10.2337%2Fdc08-0821

10.2337%2Fdiacare.14.11.1081

10.2337%2Fdiacare.17.1.13

10.1097%2F00001648-199601000-00015

10.2337%2Fdiacare.20.3.340

10.1001%2Fjama.1996.03540080031025

10.1542%2Fpeds.106.4.719

10.2337%2Fdiabetes.49.6.912

10.1017%2FS0029665100000811

10.1007%2Fs00394-009-0008-z

10.1079%2FBJN20051676

10.1001%2Fjama.290.13.1713

10.1001%2Fjama.290.13.1721

10.1007%2Fs00125-006-0236-1

10.2337%2Fdc10-2456

10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2879%2991432-6

10.1111%2Fj.1365-2133.2011.10588.x

10.1542%2Fpeds.2005-1803

10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2008.04.032

10.1111%2Fj.1399-3038.2008.00718.x

10.1542%2Fpeds.2007-3022

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism

Tập 60 Số Suppl. 2

8-20

Thông tin tác giả